For the first time, published data on non-utilitarian Paleolithic stone objects are compared with data on other similar objects from Europe. In modern archaeology, such finds (many processed) from Upper and Middle Paleolithic sites are most often recognized as evidence of symbolic activity associated with the appearance of the species Homo sapiens. However, the presence of non-utilitarian objects at much older sites also supports this interpretation. Without touching on the question of their purpose (it is unknown to us), we consider their modification and trace their evolution. Objects that have no visible connection with any utilitarian activity are found even in the oldest Paleolithic deposits. Starting from the Acheulean epoch, their presence becomes clear, and in the Upper Pleistocene they become widespread. Taking into account and classifying such finds by material, color, shape, degree of processing, etc., as well as studying their chronological, stratigraphic, and geological contexts, helps reconstruct the activities of early hominids. Apparently, these items had a symbolic meaning However, their presence on the monuments indicates that some non-utilitarian actions were carried out.

Key words: non-utilitarian, Europe, Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, stone products.

Introduction

Recently, several unusual stone products were introduced into scientific use during excavations and the study of museum collections [L'homme..., 2009]. These exhibits are located in the National Museum of Natural History (Museum of Man in Paris and Abri Pato Museum in Les Eyzies), the Institute of Human Paleontology in Paris, the Museum of Anthropology and Primitive History in Monaco and the Saint-Raphael Museum. This paper publishes descriptions of some non-utilitarian stone objects and analyzes them in the context of similar finds from Paleolithic sites in Europe.

Most non-utilitarian items from Middle or Upper Paleolithic sites were considered from the point of view of symbolic activity, but the function of such items in Lower Paleolithic contexts is difficult to establish (D'Errico et al., 2003). The thesis that there is no stable ability to process decomposition-resistant materials earlier than 75 thousand years ago is supported by the claims of some researchers about the appearance of symbolic activity along with Homo sapiens. However, it is also suggested that symbolic activity, in particular the use of jewelry, took place earlier than 75 thousand years ago [Ibid.; Wynn, 2002]. As some scientists believe, for example-

page 24
measure h. Darwin (1871), animals also have a sense of beauty, especially birds and mammals. Although the perception of beauty is peculiar exclusively to human nature, as noted by P. According to [Tort, 2008], this mental process of understanding aesthetics, or at least reacting to the bright, may have deep roots in the animal world when choosing a partner and creating a couple. Perhaps this feeling accompanied the evolutionary development of social nature and sympathy, which reached their maximum development in human society.

Unusual non-utilitarian stone products found at Paleolithic sites indicate that hominids showed interest in them. These items show a special attitude to themselves at least from the moment they are found and brought to the parking lot. Since these findings are related to certain activities that are not related to the maintenance of life, they are very important for understanding the daily life of Paleolithic man.

The reason for the collection of unusual objects by both early hominids and modern humans is difficult to explain. The person picked up an unusual stone and brought it "home", perhaps unconsciously, or perhaps guided by various personal or collective interests, such as play, aesthetic sensation, emotion, symbolic communication, magical or religious practice, etc.

The possession of such items by members of a group or community could be associated with power, so unusual and rare stones gained special value. Their deliberate processing or careful design could enhance the unusual shape or color of the raw material. For example, some expertly crafted Paleolithic tools made from atypical raw materials were undoubtedly highly valued not only for their functional effectiveness. The concept of "value" is subjective [Exchange systems..., 1977] not only for Homo sapiens, but also, possibly, for other, earlier hominid species. In this paper, we will try to determine the relationship of early hominids to the valuable objects they possessed (Rossano, 2009). According to M. Eliade (1987, 1989), starting from the Lower Paleolithic period, some objects had a special meaning or meaning from the point of view of both mental and visual perception.

In later Homo sapiens of the Paleolithic era, symbolism was most often associated with unusual raw materials. How relevant was this for earlier hominid species? The lack of contextual data does not allow us to give a precise answer, although the origins of symbolism have been widely discussed (see [D'Errico et al., 2003]). The notion that symbolism is necessarily linked to language can be challenged, but in any case, it is difficult to imagine that these amazing objects had no meaning at all for sapiens.

One of the objectives of this publication is to present a model of hominid behavior based on collections of unusual non-utilitarian stones (Chase and Dibble, 1987; Kyriacou, 2009). The article describes numerous similar objects and the evolution of their significance for humans of the Paleolithic era of Europe.

From the First Homo to Neanderthals

Publications on the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Eurasia and the Early Stone Age of Africa mention several finds that are distinguished by their obvious non-utilitarian purpose and features (Stringer and Gamble, 1993; Edwards, 1978; Chase and Dibble, 1987; Nowell, D'Errico, Hovers, 2001). Among them are objects that have retained their original shape, as well as modified by humans.

In this paper, only non-utilitarian items made from minerals and mineralized materials related to the Lower Paleolithic of Europe are considered. Human-made and original finds can be divided into several types:: 1) fossils, 2) crystals of quartz and other minerals, 3) stones with indentations, 4) objects of anthropomorphic shape, 5) artifacts made from rare or unusual rocks of stone.

The article discusses not only colored or pigmented objects. Various coloring materials, such as hematite, ochre, and manganese, whose physical and chemical properties are not quite in demand in everyday life, have been found on 40 Mousterian monuments, in particular, the Pasche de l'Azay I (France) [D'Errico and Soressi, 2006; Soressi et al., 2008]. Similar materials collected by hominids were found at Acheulean sites, such as Ambrona in Spain (Edwards, 1978). The tracological analysis of the object from the Terra Amata parking lot in France showed that it was used for drawing on the body [Ibid.; Terra..., 2009]. Similar finds were recorded at Khunsgi in India (Paddayya, 1979) and at sites of the Kapturin formation of the Early Middle Stone Age (transition from Acheulean to Middle Stone Age) in Kenya (Edwards, 1978; Tryon and McBrearty, 2002).

It is believed that the beginning of the use of pigments was laid by late Homo sapiens. However, recently discovered remains of such substances from the Middle Paleolithic period in Africa indicate that people of modern physical appearance had symbolic activity very early. In the Blombos Cave in South Africa, fragments of ochre were found, on the surface of which there were images dating back to-

page 25
some 75 thousand years ago (Marshack, 1981; D'Errico et al., 2003; Hovers et al., 2003; Bartham, 1998). Numerous bones and stones with signs on the surface are known from the sites of Bilzingsleben (Germany), Tata (Hungary), Temnata (Bulgaria, MIS 4), Vertesseles (Hungary, MIS 9), Saint-Anne I (MIS 6), Abri Suar (MIS 6-5), Pas de l'aze II (MIS 4), La Quina (France), Bacho Kiro (Bulgaria), and Ripare Tagliente (Italy, MIS 3) [Mania D., Mania U., 1988; Bednarik, 1990; Cremades et al., 1995; D'Errico et al., 2003; D'Errico and Sorressi, 2006]. Such marks or traces of additional processing may have appeared as a result of carcass butchering, predator activity, or taphonomy (Bordes, 1969; Marshack, 1976; Raynal and Séguy, 1986; Cremades, 1996; Wolpoff, 1996).

Fossils. The processed and original fossils presented in the archaeological materials may be evidence of the activity of the non-utilitarian nature of early primitive people, or at least their interest in unusual objects (Table 1, Fig. 1), which was assumed by A. Leroy-Gourhan [Leroy-Gourhan, 1961, 1964]. Fossils are often found at sites of the Middle Paleolithic of Europe; they are usually isolated specimens located in cultural horizons. Fossils were sometimes made out. An example is a mammoth tooth with notches from the Tata site in Hungary (Tata..., 1964). Studies show that such fossils could not have appeared at the sites only as a result of natural processes (Meignen, 1993; Taborin, 1993). This also applies to a previously unpublished sea urchin fossil from the Sandun-Tabateri site in France. Similar objects are found at various sites in Western Europe, starting with Acheulean. They are found at sites in the Middle East, for example, fossils with drilled holes in Gesher Benot Yaakov in Israel (0.7 Ma BP) (Goren-Inbar, Lewy, and Kislev, 1991).

Crystals of quartz and other minerals. In Europe, quartz crystals and other minerals (cerussite, iron pyrite, calcite, and galena) are found at Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal sites, as well as raw rock fragments brought here (Canalette, Hyena Grotto in France, and Choarey-Boroshteni in Romania) [Leroy-Gourhan, 1961, 1964; Poplin, 1988; Meignen, 1993 Demnard and Neraudeau, 2001; Carciumaru et al., 2002]. This was also observed at the recently discovered sites of Payre and Abry de Pascher in Southeastern France (Moncel, 2003; Moncel et al., 2009). Most of these finds do not have

Table 1. Fossils brought to sites by Paleolithic humans, the forerunners of Homo sapiens

Nakhodki

Parking lot

Epoch, culture

A source

Rhynchonellidae (Teraebratulina) sp.

Combe-Grenal (France)

South Acheulean (level 61)

[Bordes, 1969]

Raw belemnite rostra

Canalette (France)

Middle Paleolithic (Levallois). MIS 5-4

[Meignen, 1993]

Mammoth tooth with notches

Tata (Hungary)

Taubach. MIS 5

[Tata..., 1964]

Nummulite (Nummulites perforatus) with a cross carved on the surface

" "

" "

[Ibid.]

Untreated fossils - gastropod and spherical polyp

Hyena Grotto (France)

Middle Paleolithic. MIS 5-4

[Leroy-Gourhan, 1961, 1964]

Zeillzrinae (Taraebratulina)

Combe-Grenal (France)

Kin-type moustache (level 24)

[Bordes, 1969]

Upper molar of the fossilized Dicerhorinus mercki, intentionally or naturally broken off

Ortu (France)

Middle Paleolithic. MIS 4-3

[La grotte..., 1972]

Shell of the Maastrichtian mollusk Glyptoactis (Baluchicardia) sp.

Che-Pourret-che-Comte

Middle Paleolithic

[Lhomme, Freneix, 1993]

Raw Fossilized Sea Urchin

Sandun-Tabateri (France)

" "

National Museum of Natural History, Paris (unpublished)

Rhynchonella fossil with a drilled hanging hole

Grote du Rennes (France)

Chatelperron

[White, 2002, 2007a, b]

Petrified sea lily (center hole widened)

" "

"

[Ibid.]

Belemnite rostra

" "

"

[Taborin, 1993]

page 26

Figure 1. Fossilized sea urchin. Sandun-Tabateri (Dordogne, France). Collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Paris. Photo by E. Gontier.

2. Quartz crystals without signs of utilization (1, 3-6) and with micro-traces of use on the tip (2). Singi Talav in Didwan (Rajasthan, India), Acheulean (0.8 Ma BP). Collection of Deccan College, Pune, India. Crystal Length: 26,8; 19,4; 18,6; 17,3; 12,8 and 8.3 mm. Figure F. D'Errico, photo by N. Ossein Terani.

traces of processing and use. Their appearance is not due to the lack of raw materials in the immediate vicinity of the parking lots.

Collections of quartz crystals from early hominids were first recorded at Acheulean sites. For example, in India, at the Singi Talav site in Rajasthan (0.8 Ma BP), untreated monopyramidal quartz crystals (six samples, one of them with traces of recycling) were found, the source of which was located a few kilometers from the monument (D'Errico, Gaillard, Misra, 1989) (Fig. 2). In the Middle East, Untreated quartz crystals were also found at the Gesher Benot Yaakov site (0.7 Ma BP) (Goren-Inbar, Lewy, and Kislev, 1991). In China, at the Zhoukoudian site, unprocessed quartz crystals (approx. 20 units in size on average approx. 6 cm) occurred in the Lower Paleolithic layers (Pei, 1931).

Stones with notches. Some finds do not correspond typologically to archaeological collections and are distinguished by an unusual shape or signs of non-standard processing. At the La Ferracy site in France, a large tile with 18 natural (or intentionally made) indentations was found on burial ground 6 (Peyrony, 1934). The paired location of the recesses may have some special meaning.

Rocks with natural indentations (3-2 Ma BP) were found in Africa (Leakey, 1971; Bednarik, 1998). Pebbles with a hollow in the center on each side could only appear at a parking lot in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, having been brought by a person. It is not possible to determine exactly whether it was selected only because of its shape (there are no signs of use or additional processing).

Items that have an anthropomorphic shape.

Such aggregates of minerals, flint, and bone are found at Middle Paleolithic sites in Eurasia (Roche Cot Ar in France and Srbsko in the Czech Republic). Despite the uncertainty of their destination, they are among the items brought to the parking lot deliberately (Harrod, 1992; Marquet and Lorblanchet, 2003). In the literature, such findings are often described as manifestations of early symbolic behavior. Examples include a recess-shaped jasper from the Makapansgat site in South Africa (3.0-2.5 Ma) (Leakey, 1971; Bednarik, 1998), and a crudely shaped anthropomorphic basalt object from the Acheulean Berechat Ram site in Israel (233-470 Ka). [Goren-Inbar, 1986; Pelcin, 1994; Marschack, 1976], roughly processed-

page 27
an anthropomorphic object made of quartzite with traces of red dye from the Tan Tan site in Morocco (Bednarik, 2001, 2003). Some experts consider them to be the result of a complex of postdeposition processes (Pelcin, 1994; D'Errico and Nowell, 2000; Nowell, D'Errico and Hovers, 2001).

Artifacts made from unusual rocks or fossils. Not only objects made from raw materials that are located at a considerable distance from the habitat are considered unusual, but also stones that stand out in color and texture (Poplin, 1988; Texier et al., 2005). Unusual stones are already found on Acheulean monuments. For example, rubies made of obsidian (collection of the National Museum of Natural History, France) were found at the sites of Kariandusi in Kenya or Gadeb and Melka Contour in Ethiopia (Piperno et al., 2008). Known from the materials of many monuments of the Middle Paleolithic of Europe, such stones brought from remote sources of raw materials indicate the degree of mobility of groups of people.

In the Cima de los Huesos cave (Atapuerca, Spain), a carefully crafted hand-held chopper made of multicolored quartzite was found in the vicinity of skeletons of more than 30 hominids dating from about 400-500 Ka BP (Carbonell et al., 2003; Bischoff et al., 2003). On this monument, the chopper is the only artifact that seems to have been deliberately placed with the bodies. This may be one of the earliest burials (Carbonell et al., 2003).

Other finds of this kind (with inclusions in the form of fossils with holes) are also known (Oakley, 1965, 1971; Demnard and Neraudeau, 2001), which were transported over a long distance or even participated in the exchange between groups (Table 2). An example of this is a rock crystal biface from the Kulna locality (Czech Republic) of the Taubach culture, most of the artefacts of which were made from local metamorphic or volcanic rocks (Valoch, 1988; Patou-Mathis et al., 2005). The use of flint with inclusions here cannot be associated with simplifying the splitting methods.

Table 2. Tools made from unusual rocks and minerals made by Paleolithic people-the forerunners of Homo sapiens

Nakhodki

Parking lot

Epoch, culture

A source

A well-designed chopper (the only artifact in the parking lot). Red and Rose quartzite

Sima de los Huesos (Spain)

Acheulean, 400-500 thousand years ago.

[Carbonell et al., 2003; Bischoff et al., 2003]

A chopper with holes in the center. Flints with cavities

Bleville, Bonney, Boquin (France)

Acheulean

National Museum of Natural History, Paris (unpublished)

A chopper with a rounded inclusion in the center. Flint with a foreign inclusion

La Morandiere (France)

"

[Despriée, Gageonnet, 2000]

A chopper with a protrusion at the base. Flint with a tubular fossil

Cagni-Route-de-Beauvais (France)

"

National Museum of Natural History, Paris (unpublished)

A chopper with a fossil in the center. Flint with a fossil (Spondylus spinosus)

Norfolk (United Kingdom)

"100 thousand l. n.

[Oakley, 1965, 1971]

Various types of weapons. Flint with fossils (Spondylus spinosus)

Wolvercote and Swanscombe (UK)

Lower and Middle Paleolithic

[Oakley, 1971]

Various types of weapons. Flint with fossils

Schwenskopf and Kamelengen (Germany)

Middle Paleolithic. MIS 6

[Oakley, 1965, 1971]

Skreblo. Flint with a fossil (Cretaceous echinoid)

Saint-Jus le Marais (France)

MIS 5

[Demnard, Neraudeau, 2001]

Biface. Quartz Crystal

Kulna, layer 11 (Czech Republic)

Taubach. MIS 5

[Valoch, 1988; Patou-Mathis et al., 2005]

Large flake. Red silkrete with white spots

La Combet (France)

Middle Paleolithic. MIS 4

[Texier et al., 2005]

The weapon. Flint with a fossil (Micraster)

Terci (France)

Middle Paleolithic

[Demnard, Neraudeau, 2001]

Fossilized sea urchins that were split open or used as bumpers

Roche-aux-Loups (France)

Chatelperron

[Poplin, 1988; Demnard, Neraudeau, 2001]

page 28
A hand chopper from the La Morandiere site in France has a "peephole" in the center (Despriée and Gageonnet, 2000). At the Bleville site in France, a hand chopper was made so that the cavity inside the flint was located in the central part of the tool.

Modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic period

In the late Middle and Upper Paleolithic period, modern humans began to shape unusual materials and made a cognitive leap. At the same time, they began to create symbolic products (jewelry, figurines), enhancing their significance due to the quality of the raw materials used, even if some of them were not subject to long-term storage.

Sets of minerals. In the Upper Paleolithic, people used a wide range of minerals that had both utilitarian and decorative-artistic significance. Some of them may have had a dual function, others-only a symbolic load (Table 3). In addition to the stone industry, pebbles are often found on Upper Paleolithic sites. As a rule, it is quartz, but there are other rocks from the available raw material base (De Beaune, 1997). Pebbles were usually brought to the parking lot either as decorations or for unknown, but obviously non-utilitarian purposes.

The presence of hematite and ochre at sites is usually explained by their coloring properties and, consequently, by their symbolic load (rock paintings, burials, etc.). It is possible that they served as antiseptics or performed protective functions. Hematite and ochre could be used in the manufacture of putty (for handles) or as abrasives (Groenen, 1991; Couraud, 1983), sometimes they were used to make jewelry or mobile art objects (Table 3). Pieces of hematite and ochre with holes or grooves, for example, from Isturits, Lojeri-Haut or Grot Les Eisies in France may have been suspended "pencils" rather than pendants (Capitan, Breuil, and Peyrony, 1910).

Jewelry and mobile art objects were usually made from talc (or a variety of steatite), amber, and lignite. Some fossils could also become ornaments. Other rocks were also collected and processed: rock crystal, serpentinite, chalcedony, pyrite, galena, fluorite, etc. (Table 3).

Amber. This is the petrified resin of different types of trees. Color, transparency, light shade, ease of splitting and polishing make amber an excellent material for making mobile art objects and jewelry. It was actively used during the Neolithic and Bronze Age, and it is also found in sites of the Upper Paleolithic beginning with the Aurignacian layers (Table 4). At first, amber in the form of unprocessed fragments was found mainly in the Basque and Cantabrian regions (Southeastern France and Northern Spain), as well as in sites in Central Europe. Spanish monuments display amber of local origin. The source of amber found at sites in France is still unknown. Amber found in Switzerland, possibly from the Baltic Sea coast. In the period of the Madeleine culture, objects made of amber received

Table 3. Minerals collected by European sapiens and non-utilitarian items made from them

Mineral

Goods

Parking lot

Epoch, culture

A source

1

2

3

4

5

Hematite

Two female figurines

Petrzkovice (Czech Republic)

Pavlov (gravett)

[Klima, 1995]

"

Figurine in the form of a bear's head

Trois Freres (France)

Madeleine

[Bégouen, 1951]

"

Two plates with engraved figures of horses

Lumencia, Urtiaga (France)

Late Madeleine

[San Juan, 1990; Groenen, 1991]

"

Two engraved plates

La Logerie-Haute Est, La Madeleine (France)

Late Gravett

[San Juan, 1990]

"

Tile with a geometric pattern around the edges

Kostenki-21 (Russia)

16 960 ± 300 - 22 270 ± ± 150 L. BCE

[Abramova, 1995]

Ochre

Two beads

Isturitz (France)

Average gravett

[Saint-Périer, Saint-Perrier, 1952]

"

Suspensions

Isturitz, Abri Gandil (France)

Madeleine

[Saint-Périer, 1930; Ladier, Welte, 1993]

page 29
End of Table 3

1

2

3

4

5

Clay ochre

Several beads and an amulet (phallus?), modeled

Gourdan (France)

Madeleine

[Piette, 1874; Groenen, 1991]

Limonite

Carefully polished bead

Isturitz (France)

"

[Saint-Périer, 1936]

Pyrolusite

Three items with drilled holes

Roque de Ser (France)

Solutre

[Tymula, 2005]

Pyrite

No traces of processing (flint?)

Grote du Rennes (France)

Aurignac

[De Beaune, 2002]

"

The same thing

Trou de Chalais (Belgium)

Madeleine

[Otte, 1994]

Galena

There are no traces of processing

Abri Pato (France)

Average gravett

[David, 1995]

"

Forty-four unprocessed fragments with a total weight of 4 kg (for dye preparation?)

Trou Valou (Belgium)

Aurignac

[Dewez, 1987, 1993]

Fluorite

Three items with holes not fully drilled, four ground items and a ground cut (total weight 1 kg)

Trou de Chalais (Belgium)

Madeleine

[Otte, 1994; Guide..., 2001; Dewez, 1987; Moreau, 2003]

"

A chip with a drilled hole

Trou du Frontal (Belgium)

"

[Lejeune, 1987]

Calcite (stalactite)

The same thing

Grote du Rennes (France)

Aurignac

[White, 2002]

" "

"

Boroshteni (Romania)

Gravett

[Beldiman, 2005]

The coil

Pendant

Les Espeluges Cave (France)

Madeleine

[Piette, 1907]

"

Several cylindrical beads

Kapova Cave (Russia)

Correlates with rock art, close to the Early Madlen

[Abramova, 1995]

"

Female figurine, oblong pendant, several rectangular buttons

Buret (Russia)

21 190 ± 100 hp

[Ibid.]

"

Women's statuette

Savignano (Italy)

Gravett (?)

[Mussi, 1996]

"

Two female figurines

Grotte du Prince (Italy)

Gravett

[White, Bisson, 1998; Bisson, Bolduc, 1994; Bolduc et al., 1996]

Rock Crystal

Crystal fragment in the burial

Children's Grotto (Italy)

"

[Cartailhac, 1912]

Smoky Quartz

Two raw hexagon crystals

Laugerie-Haute Est (France)

Final gravett (protomadlen)

National Museum of Prehistory (unpublished)

Petrified Tree

Multiple beads

Mainz Linzenberg (Germany)

Gravett

[Desbrosse, Koslowski, 1988]

Chalcedony

Raw fragment

Laugerie-Bass (France)

Madeleine

National Museum of Natural History, Paris (unpublished)

Aleurite

Several discs with drilled holes (diameter approx. 20 cm)

Przedor, Pavlov I, the burial of Brno II (Czech Republic)

Pavlov (Gravett)

[Svoboda, 1995]

page 30
Table 4. Pieces of amber and non-utilitarian amber objects from Sapiens sites in Europe

Nakhodki

Parking lot

Epoch, culture

A source

Raw fragments

Brasov (Romania); Przedor (Czech Republic); Poppenburg (Germany); Langmannersdorf (Austria); Cueva Morin and Labeko Koba (Spain)

Proto-Aurignac and early Aurignac

[Arrizabalaga, 2000; Arrizabalaga et al., 2003; Álvarez Fernández, 2006]

Pendants and untreated fragments (some with scratches)

Isturitz (France)

Early Aurignac

[Normand, 2005; Saint-Perier, Saint-Perrier, 1952; White, 2007a, б]

Cylindrical-conical fragment with small intersecting notches

Gatsarria (France)

Aurignac

[Sáenz de Buruaga, 1991]

Raw fragments

El Pendo (Spain)

Typical Aurignac

[Álvarez Fernández, 2006]

The same thing

La Garma A (Spain)

Gravett

[Penalver et al., 2007]

Beads

Isturitz (France)

"

[Saint-Périer, Saint-Perrier, 1952]

Raw fragments

" "

Solutre

[Passemard, 1913]

Button with a hole

Antolinha (Spain)

"

[Álvarez Fernández, 2006]

Disc-shaped beads

Cova Rosa (Spain)

"

[Ibid.]

Raw fragments, Pearls, pendants (348 units)

Mezhirichi (Ukraine)

Epigravett

[Soffer, 1985; Soffer et al., 1997; Kozlowski, 1988]

Beads, pendants, anthropomorphic figurine

Dobranichevka (Chulatovo II); Gontsy, Mezin (Ukraine)

"

[Soffer et al., 1997; Desbrosse, Kozlowski, 1988; Abramova, 1995]

Processed and unprocessed fragments

Oransan, Grote de Romaine (France); Kniegrotte (Germany); Houdenus (Austria); Autrive-Chanreveir, Mosbuhl (Switzerland); Las Caldas (Spain); Pekarna, Zhitny, Kulna (Moravia)

Madeleine

[Skutil, 1928; Beck et al., 1987; Valoch, 1992; Leesch, 1997; Álvarez Fernández, 2005]

Beads, horse head figurine

Anlen, Ma d'Azil, Isturitz (France)

"

[Saint-Périer, 1930, 1935, 1936; Tymula, 1996]

An object with a drilled hole and an engraving (horse?)

Meyendorf (Germany)

Hamburg Culture

[Hahn, 1988; Terberger, 2006]

Beads

Sedlnica-17 (Poland); Ahrenschoft (Germany)

The same thing

[Koslowski, 1988, Terberger, 2006]

Amber pebbles, a bead from the Baltic Sea

Gough Cave (UK)

Creswell Culture

[Currant, Jacobi, Stringer, 1989; Tratman, 1953; Charles, 1991]

Zoomorphic figurine (broken), bead

Weiche (Germany)

Federmesser Group

[Veil, Breest, 1997a, b]

Suspensions

Ushki I Burial Ground (Russia)

10,360 ± 350 and 10,760 ± 110 hp.

[Abramova, 1995]

3). Amber may have been used as a dye component, for example, in Altamira (Cabrera Garrido, 1978).

Black rocks (fossilized organic matter): lignite, jet, graphite. Lignite is a type of brown coal that retains an easily detectable wood structure and consists of 70-75% carbon. Jet is a black and shiny type of brown coal, highly polished and easily processed (Ligouis, 2006). Graphite is a pure native carbon with a hexagonal crystal lattice; it occurs as soft black lumps in metamorphic rocks in carboniferous deposits. The use of these minerals for the manufacture of mobile art and jewelry began in the early Upper Paleolithic and

page 31

3. Horse head made of amber (according to Saint-Périer, 1935). Isturitz (Pyrenees Atlantiques, France), Madeleine.

4. An unusual object presumably made of lignite. Children's Grotto, Balzi Rossi (Italy), Hall G, gravett. Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ancient History, Monaco. Photo by Zh. Peire.

It became particularly widespread during the Madeleine Culture (Table 5). Southern Germany and northern Switzerland are most rich in lignite (Alvarez Fernández, 2005). Various beads or small figures of animals and people were made from lignite, often with a hole for hanging (Figure 4). Many images of fauna representatives (especially insects) are included in the bestiary of the Madeleine culture (Table 5). Female figures are found mainly at two sites-Peterfels and Montrouz in southern Germany-and they correspond to the Generersdorf style (no head, elegant torso and modeled lower part). Lignite served not only as an ornamental material, but also as a fuel, as evidenced by materials from several sites in Europe (Théry et al., 1995; Koslowski, 1988).

Steatitis. This is a hard type of talc. It was actively used for making mobile art and jewelry during the Upper Paleolithic period, possibly because of its appearance and ease of processing (1 on the Mohs hardness scale). Steatite can be polished in just a few hours with the help of leather. The largest Upper Paleolithic collection of steatite objects has been found in the Grimaldi caves (or Balzi Rossi in Italy).: It includes pendants with holes and notches, and female figurines (Bonfils and Smyers, 1872; Cartailhac, 1912; Rivière, 1877; Mussi, 1991; White and Bisson, 1998) (Fig. 5). Numerous steatite beads from the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic were found at Aurignacian sites in Western Europe. They were usually made in the same way as ivory beads. However, as determined by the analysis of basket-shaped beads from Southwestern France, perforation was usually carried out by rotation, which is not typical for ivory beads, their material is harder (5 on the Mohs hardness scale). At some sites, such as El Pendo (Spain) and Foscelone (Italy), exact copies of rudimentary deer tusks were made from steatite. Later, mainly in Italy, in the gravett and epigravett cultures, female figures were made from steatite. Evidently, this material was highly valued by the Gravettian hunting groups (Onoratini, 2009). In the south-east of France, mobile art objects were mainly made from it. An example is the collections from the Arene sites of La Bouverie and Gr ot Raynaud-1 (Fig. 6). A mysterious steatite object was found at the Le Gachet site in Southeastern France. On both sides of it, a grid was applied with notches, there was a shell-shaped edge and three blind holes. A similar design is observed on steatite pendants from the grottoes Florestan, Grimaldi (Bonfils and Smyers, 1872) and Gavorrano in Tuscany (Italy) (Bartoli, Galiberti, Gorini, 1977), which are compared with anthropomorphic objects from the Grotte du Prince in Grimaldi (Mussi, 1991). In the southwestern part of France, steatite is widely represented in the sites of the Madeleine culture, although it is not the only ornamental material. Steatite products were found at the Cher-a-Calvin (nine pendants and a ladle), Isturitz (four pendants) (Saint-Périer, 1930), and Saint-Germain-la-Riviere (several beads) localities (Vanhaeren and D'Errico, 2003).

5. A mysterious steatite object. Excavations of the Village of Bonfils. Grotto de Florestan, Balzi Rossi (Italy). Photo by F. Puvarel.

page 32
Table 5. Objects made of black organic rocks (lignite, jet, graphite) on European sites of the Upper Paleolithic period

Material

Goods

Parking lot

Epoch, culture

A source

Lignite

Decoration

Brassampouille (France); Geissenclesterle (Germany)

Aurignac

[White, 1993; Álvarez Fernández, 2006]

Jet

Beads (one polished, with notches)

Isturitz (France)

Average gravett

[Saint-Périer, Saint-Perrier, 1952]

Lignite

Flat Bead

Laugerie-Haute (France)

Late Gravett (Protomadlen)

[Bordes, 1978]

"

Decorating

Mainz-Linzenberg (Germany)

Gravett

[Álvarez Fernández, 2006]

A mixture of graphite and coal

Cylindrical product with a hole in the center

Children's Grotto (Grimaldi, Italy)

Average gravett

Monaco Museum (not published)

Lignite

Disc-shaped bead

Las Caldas (Spain)

Solutre

[Álvarez Fernández, 2006]

Lignite, graphite

Pendants (one with an engraved image of a deer)

Roque de Ser, Furneaux du Diable (France)

"

[Peyrony, 1932; Tymula, 2005]

Lignite

Three female figurines, small beads, plates with two holes, working chips

Montruze (Switzerland); Roque-la-Tour (Belgium); Fontale, Pencevant (France)

Madeleine

[Leroy-Gourhan, Brézillon, 1966; Ladier, Welte, 1993; Le Tensorer, 1998; Bullinger, 2006]

"

Rectangular and teardrop-shaped beads, small beads, women's figurines, plates with paired holes

Gennersdorf, Petersfell (Germany)

"

[Bahn, Butlin, 1990; Le Tensorer, 1998; Álvarez Fernández, 2005, 2006; Bullinger, 2006]

"

Small disc-shaped beads, rectangular beads

Mosbuhl (Switzerland); Kaufersberg, Kesslerloch (Germany)

"

[Bullinger, 2006]

"

Plates with two holes

Trou de Chalais (Belgium); Gnirshele (Germany)

"

[Dewez, 1987; Bullinger, 2006; Álvarez Fernández, 2005]

"

Sculptural images of a horse's head (with or without a drilled hole)

Teige Cave, Ma d'Azil (France)

"

[Piette, 1907; Álvarez Fernández, 2005]

"

Beetle figurine (with a drilled hole)

Trilobite Caves, Fontale (France)

"

[Baffier, 1995, Ladier, Welte, 1993]

"

Hypodermic gadfly larva (Oedemagna tarandi), unidentifiable insect, fossilized with a hole

Kleine Scheur im Rosenstein (Germany); Kesslerloch (Switzerland)

"

[Álvarez Fernández, 2005; Bahn, Butlin, 1990; Le Tensorer, 1998]

"

Female statuette (?)

Schweizerbild, Hollenberg-Hele-3, Mosbuhl (Switzerland); Hohe Fels (Germany)

"

[Le Tensorer, 1998; Bullinger, 2006]

Jet

Unmodified fragments, curved items (some of them look like a woman's profile)

Mosbuhl, Kesslerloch (Switzerland); Petersfels (Germany)

"

[Bullinger, 2006]

"

Insect pendant or female figurine

Fontale (France)

"

[Ladier, Welte, 1993]

"

Disks

Hollenberg Hele-3, Schweitersbild, Freudenthal (Switzerland); Ohoz (Czech Republic)

"

[Álvarez Fernández, 2005; Valoch, 1992]

page 33

6. Steatite beads (12, 14 and 26 mm). Renaud-1 grotto (Var, France), late stage of the Arenean culture. Collection of the Saint-Raphael Museum. Photo by M. Miraglio.

Fig. 7. Products made from belemnite fossils. a-Abri Pato (Dordogne), middle gravette. Excavations of H. L. Movius. Collection of the National Museum of Natural History (Abri Pato) Les Eyzies. Photo by L. Chiotti; b-La Salpetriere (Gare, France), salpetre/haute solutre. Excavations of m. Escalon de Fontone. Photo by F. V-Abri de Laugerie-Haute (Dordogne, France), solutreux (after: [Giraux, 1907]).

Original and processed fossils.

Both during the Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic periods of Europe, humans collected a large number of fossils, which they sometimes used as ornaments (after making a hole in them) (Figs. 7, 8). Such fossils were brought to the habitat from nearby and remote places even without a hole, which indicates that the finds were given a special significance. of significance. Most often they were fossils of the Tertiary period, as well as shells of marine mollusks. Fossils from the primary and secondary geological periods, as well as belemnite fossils from the Abri Pato site (Middle Gravett), are rare.

Almost 100 fossilized sea urchins with or without holes have been found in Upper Paleolithic sites (for example, Kostenki-17 (Russia) and the Salpetriere and Abri Pato Trilobite caves in France (Escalon de Fonton, 1964; San Juan, 1990; Taborin, 1993; Baffier, 1995; David, 1995; White, 1993). 1995; Demnard and Néraudeau, 2001]). In Southwestern France, they occur in deposits of the Aurignacian and Madeleine cultures, but are most widely represented in the materials of the Solutrean culture (Taborin, 1993). Other types of fossils (for example, rudists, corals, ammonites, belemnites, trilobites) were also turned into ornaments by drilling holes or on the surface.-

8. Perforated ammonites. Abri Pato (Dordogne, France), middle gravette. Excavations of H. L. Movius. Collection of the National Museum of Natural History (Abri Pato) Les Eyzies. Photo by L. Chiotti.

Fig. 9. Products made from iron nodules brought to the parking lot. Abri Pato (Dordogne, France), middle gravette. Excavations of H. L. Movius. Collection of the National Museum of Natural History (Abri Pato) Les Eyzies. Photo by L. Chiotti.

page 34
bearing circular incisions (Abramova, 1995; Taborin, 1993; Giraux, 1907). Four belemnite beads from the Kostenki-17 site are examples of careful processing of belemnite: the fossils were cut into segments, then split in the center and given a semi-cylindrical shape. Finally, a hole was made at the edge of each segment and the ends and edges were sanded (White, 1995).

Were pebbles objects of symbolic activity? Many Upper Paleolithic sites contain pebbles of a certain shape and / or color, usually small in size. They differ from larger pebbles that had a utilitarian purpose (for example, bumpers). Some small pebbles were turned into ornaments or placed in graves. In some parking lots, such pebbles are found in large numbers, which do not have signs of a special purpose or functional load.

Pebbles-jewelry. During the Upper Paleolithic period, pebbles were most often used for making jewelry. They were decorated, holes were made in them. Such finds are very numerous, and ornaments of this type were found, for example, in the caves of Isturitz, Abri Pato, and Lojeri-Haut (Giraux, 1907; Saint-Périer and Saint-Pérrier, 1952; Delluc B., Delluc G., 2004).

Smooth pebbles. 366 non-flint artefacts were found in the Abri Pato grotto in Les Eyzies (France) in layer 4 corresponding to the middle gravette (Movius, 1977; Pottier, 2005) (Fig. 9). Of these, only 38 were found for utilitarian purposes or with traces of use (in the function of chippers, anvils, and heat sinks), three items are jewelry or art objects [Delluc B., Delluc G., 2004], two samples may have engravings. The rest are small smooth pebbles (usually 3-5 cm long) of various rocks with no signs of use or processing. Similar untreated pebbles without traces of recycling are also found at other Upper Paleolithic sites in Southwestern France: Abry Blanchard in the commune of Serjac (Aurignac) [White, 1992], Lojerie-Haute in Les Eyzies (Solutreux) [Peyrony D., Peyrony E., 1938], Badegoul (Solutreux) [Cheynier, 1949; Peyrony, 1908]. Given the large number, aesthetics and uniformity of some collections, it can be assumed that the pebbles were collected for a non-utilitarian purpose.

Pebbles from graves. In the Mediterranean, evidence of the use of flat pebbles in funerary rites during the Upper Paleolithic period has been found. So, in the Grotto of the Children in Grimaldi, in a paired burial of the early Gravetta period, there were small, carefully selected flat pebbles of serpentinite in shape and color. Some of them were placed in the mouth of the deceased (Verneau, 1906). Donations in the form of pebbles are very often recorded in the cultures of the late Upper Paleolithic (end of the Epigravetta) and Mesolithic. An example is found in the Arena Candida cave in Liguria (Italy). Many Mesolithic burials contain traces of red ochre and numerous shells with perforated holes, fragments of scallop shells, elk horns, rudimentary deer tusks, coloring minerals and sometimes painted pebbles. The ends of two pebbles of the West Azilian culture from the earliest burials were painted (Cardini, 1980). Thus, during the Gravetta culture in Liguria, people practiced the sacrifice of pebbles, these traditions continued until the Mesolithic era, when colored pebbles were replaced by painted ones.

Conclusions

Objects that obviously had nothing to do with the everyday life of ancient people are already represented at Paleolithic sites. The earliest such finds include several items from the Lower Paleolithic period, which are difficult to interpret; they are numerous in collections from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. The fact that these objects were given symbolic significance can be judged by their unusual appearance, archaeological context, or quantity. However, it is often difficult to interpret the earliest of these objects and identify the reasons for their appearance in parking lots. Their number increases significantly with the appearance of Homo sapiens; they are visible at sites of early hominids and Neanderthals. The presence of non-utilitarian objects in the habitats of prehistoric people may be due to the gradual development of cognitive abilities.

In early hominids, this was expressed in the selection of strange, unusual, extraordinary objects collected during the search for materials necessary for life support. This behavior is not typical for primates, although they used wooden and stone tools and played with stones (Goodall, 1989; Joulian, 2005; Morgan and Abwe, 2006; Mercader et al., 2007).

From the very beginning of human history (after 0.8 million years AGO, the reliability of earlier finds must be established), unusual objects were selected mainly by color, transparency, shape, surface texture, etc. These findings were sometimes further processed. Tools made of unusual stone material are known. They were made with special care, which indicates their exceptional significance.

Homo sapiens also collected unusual objects such as fossils, stones of rare shades or structures, and small colored pebbles. He used an unusual raw material for the production of pre --

page 35
objects of symbolic and aesthetic significance. In the initial period of the Upper Paleolithic, the composition of sets was determined by the raw material capabilities of the occupied area; later, the desire for possession of highly valued unusual materials forced him to expand the search area. Color was still the defining feature, and great importance was given to transparency or gloss, as well as the degree of pliability of the material during processing (for example, amber, lignite, steatite). Such materials were processed either directly at the source of raw material extraction, or after transportation to the parking lot. They are often found in parking lots, as well as in burials of the end of the Upper Paleolithic era. All these objects were undoubtedly collected with a certain meaning not only by Homo sapiens, but also by representatives of early hominid species. Their presence at ancient sites is probably due to natural, demographic and social factors. These findings were the result of a purposeful search [D'Errico and Soressi, 2006]. The large number of such objects, the variety of raw materials and more intensive processing of the material may have been due to the development of rock art, which appeared in Europe around 35 thousand years AGO.In this context, the symbolic meaning of the objects under consideration becomes more clear. Since Acheulean times, non-utilitarian objects have become part of hominid life. They acquire a special meaning for hominids, which may indicate the presence of symbolic activity.

Acknowledgements

This study is part of a multidisciplinary project involving archaeologists, geologists, and physicists, aimed at studying the relationship between humans and precious stones from ancient times to the present day. The authors express their gratitude to the French Ministry of Science for their support, as well as to the National Museum of Natural History, the Institute of Human Paleontology, the Museum of Anthropology and Primitive History (Monaco), the Museum of Saint-Raphael, and the Deccan College (India), which allowed them to study original and unpublished objects from their collections.

List of literature

Abramova Z.A. L'art paléolithique d'Europe orientale et de Sibérie. - Grenoble: Jérôme Millon, 1995. - 367 p.

Álvarez Fernández E. Eloignés mais pas isolés: la parure hors de la "frontière française" pendant le Magdalénien // Dujardin V. Industrie osseuse et parures du Solutréen au Magdalénien en Europe. - P.: Société Préhistorique Française, 2005. - P. 25-38. - (Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique française; [vol.] XXXIX).

Álvarez Fernández E. Los objetos de adorno-colgantes del Paleolítico superior y del Mesolítico en la cornisa Cantábrica y en el Valle del Ebro: Una visión Europea. - Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 2006. - 1333 p.

Arrizabalaga A. Los technocomplejos líticos del yacimiento arqueológico de Labeko Koba (Arrasate, País Vasco) // Munibe (Antropologia-Arkeologia). - 2000. - Vol. 52. - P. 193-343.

Arrizabalaga A., Altuna J., Areso P., Elorza M., García M., Iriarte M.J., Marriezkhurrena K., Mujika J., Pemán E., Tarrino A., Uriz A., Viera L., Straus L.G. The Initial Upper Paleolithic in Northern Iberia: New Evidence from Labeko Koba // Current Anthropology. - 2003. - Vol. 44(3). - P. 413-421.

Baffier D. Les pendeloques magdaléniennes de la grotte du Trilobite // Gallia préhistoire. - 1995. - [Vol.] 37. - P. 106-108.

Bahn P.G., Butlin R.K. Les insectes dans l'art paléolithique: quelques observations nouvelles sur la sauterelle d'Enlène (Ariège) // L'art des objets au Paléolithique / ed. J. Clottes. - Foix; Le Mas-d'Azil, 1990. - [Vol.] 8(1). - P. 247-253.

Bartham L.S. Possible Early Pigment Use in South-Central Africa // Current Anthropology. - 1998. - Vol. 39(5). - P. 703-710.

Bartoli G., Galiberti A., Gorini P. Oggetti darte mobiliare rinvenuti nelle province di Grosseto e Pisa // Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, Firenze. - 1977. - Vol. XXXII (1/2). - P. 193-218.

Beck C.W., Chantret F., Sacchi D. L'Ambre paléolithique de la grotte d'Aurensan (Hautes Pyrénées) // L'Anthropologie. - 1987. - Vol. 91(1). - P. 259-262.

Bednarik R.G. An Acheulian haematite pebble with striations // Rock Art Research. - 1990. - Vol. 7. - P. 75.

Bednarik R.G. The "australopithecine" cobble from Makapansgat, South Africa // South African Archaeological Bull. - 1998. - Vol. 53. - P. 4-8.

Bednarik R.G. An Acheulian figurine from Morocco // Rock Art Research. - 2001. - Vol. 18. - P. 115-116.

Bednarik R.G. A figurine from the African Acheulian // Current Anthropology. - 2003. - Vol. 44(3). - P. 405-413.

Bégouen H. Un "Objet Orné" en forme de tête d'ours provenant de la grotte des Trois-Frères // Préhistoire et spéléologie ariégeoises. - 1951. - Vol. VI. - P. 31-32.

Beldiman C. Parures paléolithiques et épipaléolithiques de Roumanie (25 000-10 000 BP): typologie et technologie // Industrie osseuse et parures du Solutréen au Magdalénien en Europe / ed. V. Dujardin. - Angoulême, 2005. - P. 39- 71. - (Mémoires de la Société préhistorique française; [vol.] XXXIX).

Bischoff J.L., Shamp D.D., Aramburu A., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E., Bermudez De Castro J.M. The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and perhaps to 400-500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates // J. of Archaeological Science. - 2003. - Vol. 30. - P. 275-280.

Bisson M.S., Bolduc P. Previously Undescribed Figurines From the Grimaldi Caves // Current Anthropology. - 1994. - Vol. 35 (4). - P. 458-468.

Bolduc P., Cinq-Mars J., Mussi M. Les figurines des Balzi Rossi (Italie): une collection perdue et retrouvée // Préhistoire ariégeoise: Bull. de la Société préhistorique de l'Ariège. - 1996. - Vol. LI. - P. 15-53.

Bonfils S., Smyers L. Recherches sur les outils en silex des troglodytes et sur la manière dont ils les fabriquaient. Typ. V.E. - Nice: Gauthier et Compagnie, 1872. - 19 p.

page 36
Bordes F. Os percé moustérien et os gravé acheuléen du Pech de l'Azé II // Quaternaria. - 1969. - Vol. 11. - P. 1-6.

Bordes F. Le Protomagdalénien de Laugerie-Haute-Est (fouilles F. Bordes) // Bull. de la Société préhistorique française. - 1978. - Vol. 75 (11/12). - P. 501-521.

Bullinger J. Le jais // Le site Magdalénien de Monruz 1. Premiers éléments pour l'analyse d'un habitat de plein air / eds. J. Bullinger, D. Leesch, N. Plumettaz. Neuchâtel: Musée Cantonal d'Archéologie, 2006. - P. 158-164. - (Archéologie neuchâteloise; [vol.] 33).

Cabrera Garrido J.M. Les matériaux de peinture de la caverne d'Altamira // Actes de la 5e réunion triennale du comité de conservation de l'ICOM. - Zagreb: [s.n.], 1978. - P. 1-9.

Capitan L., Breuil H., Peyrony D. La caverne de Font-de-Gaume aux Eyzies (Dordogne). - Monaco: Imp. Vve A. Chêne, 1910. - 271 p.

Carbonell E., Mosquera M., Ollé A., Rodriguez X.P., Sala R., Verges J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Bermudez De Castro J.M. Les premiers comportements funéraires auraient-t-ils pris place à Atapuerca, il y a 350 000 ans? // L'Anthropologie. - 2003. - Vol. 107. - P. 1-14.

Carciumaru M., Moncel M.H., Angelhicu M., Carciumaru R. The Borosteni-Cioarei Cave (Carpathian Mountains, Romania). Middle archaeological finds and technological analysis of the lithic assemblages // Antiquity. - 2002. - Vol. 76. - P. 681-690.

Cardini L. La Nécropole mésolithique d'Arene Candide en Ligurie // Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana. - 1980. - Vol. VIII (3). - P. 9-31.

Cartailhac E. Les grottes de Grimaldi (Baoussé-Roussé) // Archéologie. - 1912. - Vol. II (2). - P. 215-324.

Charles R. Note sur la découverte de nouvelles incisions rythmiques du Paléolithique supérieur provenant de Gough's Cave, Somerset, Angleterre // Bull. de la société préhistorique française. - 1991. - Vol. 88(2). - P. 45-48.

Chase P.G., Dibble H.L. Middle Palaeolithic symbolism: A review of current evidence and interpretations // J. of Anthropological Archaeology. - 1987. - Vol. 6. - P. 263-296.

Cheynier A. Badegoule, station solutréenne et protomagdalénienne. - P.: Masson, 1949. - 230 p. - (Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine; [vol.] 23).

Couraud C. Pour une étude méthodologique des colorants préhistoriques // Bull. de la Société préhistorique française. - 1983. - Vol. 80 (4). - P. 104-110.

Cremades M. L'expression graphique au Paléolithique inférieur et moyen: l'exemple de l'abri Suard (La Chaise-de-Vouthon, Charente) // Bull. de la Société préhistorique française. - 1996. - Vol. 93 (4). - P. 494-501.

Cremades M., Laville H., Sirakov N., Kozlowski J.K. Une pierre gravée de 50 000 ans B.P. dans les Balkans // Paléo. - 1995. - Vol. 7. - P. 201-209.

Currant A.P., Jacobi R.M., Stringer C.B. Excavations at Gough's Cave, Somerset 1986-7 // Antiquity. - 1989. - Vol. 63. - P. 131-136.

Darwin C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. - L.: John Murray, 1871. - Vol. 1. - 423 p.; Vol. 2. - 475 p.

David N.C. Le Noaillien ("Périgordien Vc") de l'abri Pataud niveau 4, éboulis 3/4: moyen + inférieur, niveau 4a // Bricker H.M. Le Paléolithique supérieur de l'abri Pataud, Dordogne. Les Fouilles de H.L. Movius Jr. - P.: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1995. - P. 105-131. - (Documents d'archéologie française; [vol.] 50).

De Beaune S. Les galets utilisés au Paléolithique supérieur. - P.: CNRS, 1997. - 298 p. - (Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire; [vol.] XXXII).

De Beaune S. Les fossiles et autres curiosa // Schmider B. L'Aurignacien de la Grotte du Renne. Les fouilles d'André Leroi-Gourhan à Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne). - P.: CNRS, 2002. - P. 257-266 (Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire; [vol.] XXXIV).

D'Errico F., Gaillard C., Misra V.N. Collection of non-utilitarian objects by Homo erectus in India, Hominidae // Hominidae / ed. G. Giacobini. - Milan: Jaca Book, 1989. - P. 237-239. - (Proceedings of the second International Congress of Human Palaeontology).

D'Errico F., Henshilwood C., Lawson G., Vanhaeren M., Tillier A.-M., Soressi M., Bresson F., Maureille B., Nowell A., Lakarra J., Backwell L., Julien M. Archaeological Evidence for the Emergence of Language, Symbolism, and Music-An Alternantive Multidisciplinary Perspective // J. of World Prehistory. - 2003. - Vol. 17 (1). - P. 1-70.

D'Errico F., Nowell A. A new Look at the Berekhat Ram figurine: implications for the origins of symbolism // Cambridge Archaeological J. - 2000. - Vol. 10. - P. 123-167.

D'Errico F., Soressi M. Une vie en couleurs // Les dossiers de la Recherche. - 2006. - Vol. 24. - P. 84-87.

Delluc B., Delluc G. L'art à l'abri Pataud (Les Eyzies, Dordogne) // Lejeune M. L'art pariétal paléolithique dans son contexte naturel: actes du colloque 8.2, congrès de l'UISPP, Liège, 2-8 sept. 2001. - Liège, 2004. - P. 87-94. - (ERAUL; [vol.] 107).

Demnard F., Neraudeau D. L'utilisation des oursins fossiles de la Préhistoire à l'époque gallo-romaine // Bull. de la société préhistorique française. - 2001. - Vol. 98 (4). - P. 693-715.

Desbrosse R., Koslowski J.K. Hommes et climats à l'Age du Mammouth. Le Paléolithique supérieur d'Eurasie centrale. - P.: Masson, 1988. - 144 p.

Despriée J., Gageonnet R. La nappe alluviale de 10 mètres d'altitude relative dans la vallée du Cher à Gièvres (Loir-etCher) et son biface à ocelle // Préhistoire, Histoire et Patrimoine en Loir-et-Cher. - 2000. - Vol. 2. - P. 19-34.

Dewez M. Le Paléolithique supérieur récent dans les grottes de Belgique. - Louvain-La-Neuve: Société wallonne de Paléontologie ASBL, 1987. - 466 p.

Dewez M. Matériel lithique en roche autre que le silex de la couche C6 de la grotte Walou à Trooz (Province de Liège, Belgique) // Recherches à la grotte Walou à Trooz (Province de Liège, Belgique). Premier rapport de fouille, Société wallonne de Paléontologie - [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1993. - Mémoire 17. - P. 79-80.

Edwards S.W. Non-utilitarian Activities in the Lower Palaeolithic: A look at the two kinds of Evidence // Current Anthropology. - 1978. - Vol. 19. - P. 135-137.

Eliade M. Le sacré et le profane. - P.: Payot, 1987. - 184 p.

Eliade M. Histoire des croyances et des idées religieuses. De l'âge de la Pierre aux mystères d'Eleusis. - P.: Payot, 1989. - 504 p.

Escalon De Fonton M. Un nouveau faciès du Paléolithique supérieur dans la grotte de la Salpêtrière (Remoulins, Gard) // Miscelana en Homenaje Al Abate Henri Breuil. - Barcelona: Istituto de Préhistoria Y Archéologia, 1964. - P. 405-421.

page 37
Exchange systems in Prehistory / eds. T.K. Earki, J.E. Ericsson. - N.Y.; L.: Academic Press, 1977. - 446 p.

Giraux L. Objets de parures solutréens provenant de Laugerie-Haute (Dordogne) // Bull. de la Société préhistorique française. - 1907. - Vol. I V. - P. 213-218.

Goodall J. Glossary of chimpanzee behaviors. - Tucson: Jane Goodall Institute, 1989.

Goren-Inbar N. A figurine from the Acheulian site of Berekhat Ram // Mi'tekufat Ha'even. - 1986. - Vol. 19. - P. 7-12.

Goren-Inbar N., Lewy Z., Kislev M.E. Bead-like fossils from an Acheulian occupation site, Israël // Rock Art Research. - 1991. - Vol. 8. - P. 133-136.

Groenen M. Présence de matières colorantes dans l'Europe paléolithique // Bull. de la Société royale belge d'Anthropologie et de Préhistoire. - 1991. - Vol. 102. - P. 9-25.

Guide des sites préhistoriques et protohistoriques de Wallonie / eds. C. Bellaire, J. Moulin, A. Cahen-Delhaye. - [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2001. - 152 p. (Vie archéologique: Bull. de la Fédération des archéologues de Wallonie asbl; numéro special).

Hahn J. Meiendorf, Ahrensburg, Kreis Stomarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Allemagne // Dictionnaire de la Préhistoire / ed. A. Leroi-Gourhan. - P.: Presses universitaires de France, 1988. - 708 p.

Harrod J.B. Two million years ago: the origin of art and symbol // Continuum. - 1992. - Vol. 2 (1). - P. 4-29.

Hovers E., Ilani S., Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B. An Early Case of Color Symbolism // Current Anthropology. - 2003. - Vol. 44(4). - P. 491-522.

Joulian F. Significant tools and signifying monkeys: the question of body techniques and elementary actions on matter among apes and early hominids // D'Errico F., Backwell L. From Tools to Symbols. - Johannesfourg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2005. - P. 52-82.

Klima B. Les figurations paléolithiques féminines en Moravie // Delporte H., La Dame de Brassempouy / ed. H. Delporte. - Liège: ERAUL, 1995. - P. 129-132.

Koslowski J. K. Siedlnica, voïvodie de Leszno, Pologne // Leroi-Gourhan A. Dictionnaire de la Préhistoire. - P.: Presses universitaires de France, 1988. - 1013 p.

Kyriacou A. Innovation and creativity: A Neuropsychological perspective // Cognitive Archaeology and Human Evolution / eds. S. De Beaune, F.F. Coolidge, T. Wynn. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. - P. 15-25.

Ladier E., Welte A.-C. Les objets de parure de la vallée de l'Aveyron. Fontalès, Abris de Bruniquel (Plantade, Lafaye, Gandil) // Paléo. - 1993. - Vol. 5. - P. 281-317.

La grotte de l'Hortus / ed. H. de Lumley. - [S.l.]: Université de Provence, 1972. - 668 p.

Leakey M.D. Olduvaï Gorge. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. - Vol. 3: Excavations in Beds I and II 1960-1963. - 306 p.

Leesch D. Hauterive-Champréveyres 10: Un campement magdalénien au bord du lac de Neuchâtel. Cadre chronologique et culturel, mobilier et structures, analyse spatiale (secteur 1). - Neuchâtel: Musée Cantonal d'Archéologie, 1997. 270 p. - (Archéologie neuchâteloise; [vol.] 19).

Lejeune M. L'art mobilier Paléolithique et Mésolithique en Belgique. Artefacts, 4, Treignes-Viroinval. - [S.l.]: Editions du Centre d'études et de documentation archéologiques, 1987. - 82 p.

L'homme et le précieux. Matières minérales précieuse de la Préhistoire à aujourd'hui / eds. M.-H. Moncel, F. Frölich. - Oxford, BAR, 2009. - 314 p. - (BAR International Series; [vol.] 1934).

Lhomme V., Freneix S. Un coquillage de bivalve du Maastrichien-Paléocène Glyptoactis (Baluchicardia) dans la couche inférieure du gisement moustérien de "Chez-Pourréchez-Comte" (Corrèze) // BSF. - 1993. - Vol. 90 (4). - P. 303-306.

Leroy-Gourhan A. Les fouilles d'Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) // Gallia Préhistoire. - 1961. - Vol. IV(2). - P. 3-16.

Leroy-Gourhan A. Les religions de la Préhistoire (Paléolithique). - P.: Presses universitaires de France, 1964. - 154 p.

Leroy-Gourhan A., Brezillon M. L'habitation magdalénienne n°1 de Pincevent-près-Montereau (Seine-et-Marne) // Gallia Préhistoire. - 1966. - Vol. 9(2). - P. 263-385.

Le Tensorer J.-M. Le Paléolithique en Suisse / ed. J. Millon. - Grenoble: [s.n.], 1998. - 499 p. - (Collection L'Homme des origines, série Préhistoire d'Europe; [vol.] 5).

Ligouis B. Jais, lignite, charbon et autres matières organiques fossiles: application de la pétrologie organique à l'étude des éléments de parure et des fragments bruts // Le site Magdalénien de Monruz 1. Premiers éléments pour l'analyse d'un habitat de plein air / eds. J. Bullinger, D. Leesch, N. Plumettaz. - Neuchâtel: Musée Cantonal d'Archéologie, 2006. - P. 197-215. - (Archéologie neuchâteloise; [vol.] 33).

Mania D., Mania U. Deliberate engravings on bone artefacts of Homo erectus // Rock Art Research. - 1988. - Vol. 5. - P. 91-107.

Marquet J.-C., Lorblanchet M. A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France) // Antiquity. - 2003. - Vol. 77. - P. 661-670.

Marshack A. Some Implications of the Paleolithic Symbolic Evidence for the Origin of Language // Current Anthropology. - 1976. - Vol. 17(2). - P. 274-282.

Marshack A. On Paleolithic Ochre and the Early Uses of Color and Symbol // Current Anthropology. - 1981. - Vol. 22(2). - P. 188-191.

Meignen L. L'abri des Canalettes. Un habitat moustérien sur les grands Causses (Nant, Aveyron). Fouilles 1980-1986. - Sophia: CNRS, 1993. - 364 p. - (CRA; [vol.] 10).

Mercader J., Barton H., Gillespie J., Kuhn S., Tyler R., Boesch C. 4,300-Year-old Chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology // PNAS. - 2007. - Vol. 104. - P. 3043-3048.

Moncel M.-H. L'exploitation de l'espace et la mobilité des groupes humains au travers des assemblages lithiques à la fin du Pléistocène moyen et au début du Pléistocène supérieur. La moyenne vallée du Rhône entre Drôme et Ardèche. - Oxford: BAR, 2003. - 179 p. - (BAR International Series; S1184).

Moncel M.-H., Chiotti L., Gaillard C., Onoratini G., Pleurdeau D. Émergence de la notion de précieux: objets insolites et extra-ordinaires au paléolithique // Moncel M.-H., Frölich F. L'homme et le précieux. Matières minérales précieuse de la Préhistoire à aujourd'hui. - Oxford: BAR, 2009. - P. 13- 37. - (BAR International Series; [vol.] 1934).

Moreau L. Les éléments de parure au Paléolithique supérieur en Belgique // L'anthropologie. - 2003. - Vol. 107 (5). - P. 603-614.

Morgan B.J., Abwe E.E. Chimpanzees use stone hammers in Cameroon // Current Biology. - 2006. - Vol. 16. - P. 632-633.

page 38
Movius H.L.Jr. Excavation of the abri Pataud, Les Eyzies (Dordogne): Stratigraphy. - Cambridge: Peabody Museum; Massachussetts: Harvard University, 1977. - 167 p. - (American School of Prehistoric Research; [vol.] 31).

Mussi M. L'utilisation de la stéatite dans les grottes des Balzi Rossi (ou grottes de Grimaldi) // Gallia Préhistoire. - 1991. - Vol. 33. - P. 1-16.

Mussi M. Problèmes récents et découvertes anciennes: la statuette de Savignano (Modène, Italie). Préhistoire ariégeoise // Bull. de la Société préhistorique de l'Ariège. - 1996. - Vol. LI. - P. 55-79.

Normand C. Les occupations aurignaciennes de la grotte d'Isturitz (Saint-Martin-d'Arberoue; Pyrénées-Atlantiques; France): synthèse des données actuelles // Munibe (Antropologia- Arkeologia). - 2005. - Vol. 57. - P. 119-129.

Nowell A., D'Errico F., Hovers E. The origin of symbolism in the Near East: Implications for the evolution of human cognition. Poster presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archaeology. - New Orleans: [s.n.], 2001. - 290 p.

Oakley K. Folklore of fossils // Antiquity. - 1965. - Vol. 39. - P. 9-16.

Oakley K. Fossils collected by the earliest palaeolithic men // Mélanges de Préhistoire, d'archéocivilisation et d'ethnologie offerts à André Varagnac. - P.: Seupen, 1971. - P. 581-584.

Onoratini G. La stéatite dans l'art mobilier du paléolithique supérieur de Grimaldi (Ligurie, Italie) au massif de l'Estérel (Var, France). Minéralogie, gîtes et contexte culturel // L'homme et le précieux. Matières minérales précieuse de la Préhistoire à aujourd'hui / eds. M.-H. Moncel, F. Frölich. - Oxford: BAR, 2009. - P. 119-132. - (BAR International Series; [vol.] 1934).

Otte M. Le Magdalénien du Trou de Chaleux (Hulsonniaux - Belgique). - Liège: [s.n.], 1994. - 255 p. - (ERAUL; [vol.] 60).

Paddayya K. On Evidence for Nonutilitarian Activities in Lower Palaeolithic Man // Current Anthropology. - 1979. - Vol. 20. - P. 417.

Passemard E. Fouilles à Isturitz (Basses-Pyrénées) // Bull. de la Société préhistorique française. - 1913. - Vol. X. - P. 647-649.

Patou-Mathis M., Auguste P., Bocherens H., Condemi S., Michel V., Moncel M.-.H, Neruda P., Valoch K. Les occupations du Paléolithique moyen de la grotte de Külna (Moravie, République Tchèque): nouvelles approches, nouveaux résultats // Colloque: Paléoenvironnement et hominidés, Poitiers, 2000. - Oxford: BAR, 2005. - P. 69-94. - (BAR International Series: [vol.] 1352).

Pei W.C. Notice of the discovery of quartz and other stone artefacts in the lower Pleistocene hominid-bearing sediments of the Choukoutien cave deposit // Bull. of the Geological Society of China. - 1931. - Vol. 11(2). - P. 109-146.

Pelcin A. A Geological Explanation for the Berekhat Ram Figurine // Current Anthropology. - 1994. - Vol. 35(5). - P. 674-675.

Penalver E., Álvarez-Fernández E., Arias P., Delclòs X., Ontanón R. Local amber in a Palaeolithic context in Cantabrian Spain: the case of La Garma A.J. of Archaeological Science. - 2007. - Vol. 34. - P. 843-849.

Peyrony D. Nouvelles fouilles à Badegoule // Revue préhistorique. - 1908. - Vol. 3. - P. 5-24.

Peyrony D. Les gisements préhistoriques de Bourdeilles (Dordogne). - P.: Masson, 1932. - 98 p. - (Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine).

Peyrony D. La Ferrassie. - P.: [s.n.], 1934. - 92 p. - (Préhistoire; [vol.] 3).

Peyrony D., Peyrony E. Laugerie-Haute près des Eyzies. - P.: Masson, 1938. - 84 p. - (Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine; [vol.] 19).

Piette E. La grotte de Gourdan pendant l'âge du Renne // Matériaux pour l'histoire primitive et naturelle de l'Homme (2ème série). - [S.n.], 1874. - [Vol.] 9. - P. 53-79.

Piette E. L'art pendant l'Age du Renne. - P.: Masson et Cie, 1907. - 112 p.

Piperno M., Collina C., Galloti R., Raynal J.-P., Kieffer G., Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Poupeau G., Geraads D. Obsidian Exploitation and Utilisation during the Oldowan at Melka-Kunturé (Ethipia) // Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan / eds. E. Hovers, D.R. Braun. - N.Y.: Springer, 2008. - P. 111-129.

Poplin F. Aux origines néandertaliennes de l'art. Matière, formes, symétries. Contribution d'une galène et d'un oursin fossile taillé à Merry-sur-Yonne (France) // L'Homme de néandertal, 5, La pensée. - Liège: ERAUL, 1988. - Vol. 32. - P. 109-116.

Pottier C. Le Gravettien moyen de l'abri Pataud (Dordogne, France): le niveau 4 et l'éboulis 3/4. Etude technologique et typologique de l'industrie lithique: Thèse de doctorat, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. - P., 2005. - 393 p.

Raynal J.-P., Seguy R. Os incisé acheuléen de Sainte-Anne I (Polignac, Haute-Loire) // Revue archéologique du centre de la France. - 1986. - Vol. 25. - P. 79-80.

Rivière M.E. Sur une amulette en schiste talqueux trouvée dans les grottes de Menton // Bull. de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. - 1877. - T. 12. - P. 296-301.

Rossano M.J. The archaeology of consciousness // Cognitive Archaeology and Human Evolution / eds. S. De Beaune, F.F. Coolidge, T. Wynn. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. - P. 25-37.

Sáenz De Buruaga A. El Paleolítico superior de la Cueva de Gatzarria. - País Vasco: Instituto de Ciencias de la Antigüedad: Universidad del País Vasco, 1991. - 426 p. - (Anejos de Veleia, Series Maior; [t.] 6).

Saint-Perier de R. La grotte d'Isturitz I. Le Magdalénien de la salle Saint-Martin. - P.: Masson, 1930. - 124 p. - (Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine; [vol.] 7).

Saint-Perier de R. Sculpture paléolithique en amber // L'Anthropologie. - 1935. - Vol. 45. - P. 365-368.

Saint-Perier de R. La grotte d'Isturitz II. Le Magdalénien de la Grande salle. - P.: Masson, 1936. - 140 p. - (Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine; [vol.] 17).

Saint-Perier de R., Saint-Perrier S. La grotte d'Isturitz III. Les Solutréens, les Aurignaciens et les Moustériens. - P.: Masson, 1952. - 265 p. - (Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine; [vol.] 25).

San Juan C. Les matières colorantes dans les collections du Musée national de Préhistoire des Eyzies // Paléo. - 1990. - Vol. 2. - P. 229-242.

Skutil J. Les trouvailles d'obsidienne et d'ambre dans les stations paléolithiques // L'Homme préhistorique. - 1928. - Vol. 15. - P. 100-105.

Soffer O. The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain. - San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1985. - 539 p.

page 39
Soffer O., Adovasio J.M., Kornietz N.L., Velichko A.A., Gribchenko Y.N., Lenz B.R., Suntsov V.Y. Cultural Stratigraphy at Mezhirich, an Upper Palaeolithic site in Ukraine with Multiple Occupations // Antiquity. - 1997. - Vol. 71. - P. 48-62.

Soressi M., Rendu W., Texier J.-P., Claud E., Daulny L., D'Errico F., Laroulandie V., Maureille B., Niclot M., Schwortz S., Tillier A.-M. Pech-de-l'Azé I (Dordogne, France): nouveau regard sur un gisement moustérien de tradition acheuléenne connu depuis le XIXème siècle. - Les sociétés paléolithiques dans un grand Sud-ouest: nouveaux gisements, nouveaux résultats, nouvelles methodes / eds. J. Jaubert, J.-G. Bordes, I. Ortega. - [S.l.], 2008. - P. 95-132. - (Mémoire de la SPF; [vol.] XLVII).

Stringer C., Gamble C. In Search of the Neandertals. - L.: Thames and Hudson, 1993. - 247 p.

Svoboda J. L'art gravettien en Moravie: contexte, dates et styles // L'Anthropologie. - 1995. - Vol. 99(2/3). - P. 258- 272.

Taborin Y. La Parure en coquillage au Paléolithique. - P.: CNRS, 1993. - 538 p. - (Supplément à Gallia préhistoire; [vol.] XXIX).

Tata. Eine Mittelpaläolithische Travertin-Siedlung in Ungarn / ed. L. Vertes. - Budapest: Akademia Kiado, 1964. - 245 p. (Nova; [vol.] XLIII).

Terberger T. From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands - Current Results and Trends // Across the western Baltic / eds. K.M. Hansen, K.B. Pedersen. - Vordingborg: Sydsjællands Museum, 2006. - P. 23-56.

Terra Amata / ed. H. De Lumley. - Nice: CNRS, 2009. - T. 1. - 486 p.

Texier J.-P., Brugal J.-P., Lemorini C., Thery I., Wilson L. Abri du Pont de la Combette (Bonnieux, Vaucluse): variabilité intrasite du comportement des Néandertaliens // Territoires, déplacements, mobilité, échanges durant la Préhistoire / eds. J. Jaubert, M. Barbaza. - Toulouse: [s.n.], 2005. - P. 115-131.

Thery I., Gril J., Vernet J. L., Meignen L., Maury J. First Use of Coal // Nature. - 1995. - Vol. 373. - P. 480-481.

Tort P. L'effet Darwin - Sélection naturelle et naissance de la civilisation. - P.: Editions du Seuil, 2008. - 236 p.

Tratman E.K. Amber from the Palaeolithic deposits at Gough's Cave, Cheddar // Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society. - 1953. - Vol. 6(3). - P. 223-227.

Tryon C., McBrearty S. Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya // J. of Human Evolution. - 2002. - Vol. 42. - P. 211-235.

Tymula S. Notices d'objets d'art mobilier du Magdalénien de Pyrénées // L'art préhistorique des Pyrénées: catalogue d'exposition, musée des Antiquités nationales de Saint-Germainen-Laye, 2 avril-8 juillet 1996. - P., 1996. - P. 180-277.

Tymula S. Eléments lithiques perforés du Roc de Sers (Charente): outils ou parures? // Industrie osseuse et parures du Solutréen au Magdalénien en Europe / ed. V. Dujardin. - Angoulême: 2005. - P. 322-338 (Mémoires de la Société préhistorique française; [vol.] XXXIX).

Valoch K. Die Erforschung der Külna-Höhle 1961-1976. - Brno: Anthropos Muzeum, 1988. - Bd. 14. - 318 p.

Valoch K. Le Magdalénien en Moravie dans son cadre écologique // Le peuplement Magdalénien, paléogéographie physique et humaine. - P.: CTHS, 1992. - P. 187-201.

Vanhaeren M., D'Errico F. Le mobilier funéraire de la dame de Saint-Germain-la-Rivière (Gironde) et l'origine paléolithique des inégalités // Paléo. - 2003. - Vol. 15. - P. 195-238.

Veil S., Breest K. La figuration animale en ambre du gisement Federmesser de Weitsche, Basse-Saxe (Allemagne) et son contexte archéologique: Les résultats de la fouille de 1996 // Bull. de la Société préhistorique française. - 1997a. - Vol. 94(3). - P. 387-392.

Veil S., Breest K. Le gisement Federmesser de Weitsche, Ldrk, Lüchow-Dannenberg, Allemagne: structures spatiales, typologie et manifestations esthétiques // Le tardiglaciaire en Europe du Nord-ouest / eds. J.-P. Fagnard, A. Thevenin. - P.: CTHS, 1997b. - P. 598-609.

Verneau R. Les grottes de Grimaldi (Baoussé-Roussé). - Monaco: Imprimerie de Monaco, 1906. - 207 p. - (Anthropologie; T. II, fasc. 1).

White R. Bone, Antler and Ivory objects from Abri Blanchard, Commune de Sergeac (Dordogne), at the Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College // French Paleolithic collections in the Logan Museum of Anthropology // eds. R. White, L.B. Breitborde. - Beloit, WI: Museums of Beloit College, 1992. - P. 67-119. - (Logan Museum Bulletin (N.S.); [t.] I, [fasc.] 2).

White R. Technological and Social Dimensions of "Aurignacian-Age" Body Ornaments across Europe // Before Lascaux: The Complex Record of the Upper Paleolithic / eds. H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay, R. White. - Boca Raton: C.R.C. Press, Inc., 1993. - P. 277-299.

White R. Ivory personal ornaments of Aurignacian age: Technological, social and symbolic perspectives // Le Travail et l'Usage de l'Ivoire au Paléolithique Supérieur / eds. J. Hahn, M. Menu, Y. Taborin, P. Walter, F. Widemann. - Ravelo: Centro Universitario europeo per i beni culturali, 1995. - P. 29-62.

White R. Observations technologiques sur les objets de Parure. In Schmider B., L'Aurignacien de la Grotte du Renne. Les fouilles d'André Leroi-Gourhan à Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) / ed. B. Sehmider. - [S.n.], 2002. - P. 257-266. - (Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire; vol. XXXIV).

White R. Parures aurignaciennes en Aquitaine: quelques nouvelles observations // Les chemins de l'art aurignacien an Europe / eds. H. Floss, N. Rouquerol. - Aurignac: Musée-forum Aurignac, 2007a. - Cah. 4. - P. 249-258.

White R. Systems of Personal Ornamentation in the Early Upper Palaeolithic: Methodological Challenges an New Observations // Rethinking the human revolution / eds. Mellars R.A., K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer. - Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs, 2007b. - P. 287-302.

White R., Bisson M.S. Imagerie féminine du Paléolithique. L'apport des nouvelles statuettes de Grimaldi // Gallia Préhistoire. - 1998. - Vol. 40. - P. 95-132.

Wynn T. Archaeology and cognitive evolution // Behavioural and Brain Sciences. - 2002. - Vol. 25(3). - P. 389-438.

Wolpoff M.L. Neandertals of the Upper Paleolithic // The Last Neandertals, the first Anatomically Modern Humans / eds. E. Carbonell, M. Vaquero. - Tarragona: Fundacio Catalana per la Recerca, 1996. - P. 51-76.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 02.02.10.

page 40

© elibrary.fr

Permanent link to this publication:

https://elibrary.fr/m/articles/view/NON-UTILITARIAN-STONE-OBJECTS-FOUND-ON-EUROPEAN-PALEOLITHIC-SITES