The study of history has taken on a large scale in the People's Democratic Republic of Romania. Only one Institute of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic has more than two hundred employees. Institutes of history were established in Cluj and Iasi. Research activities are also carried out at the historical departments and at the departments of the foundations of Marxism-Leninism in universities and institutes.

A number of historical periodicals are published in Romania: "Essays and studies on ancient History", "Essays and studies on the History of the Middle Ages", organ of the Institute of History and Philosophy of the Romanian Academy of Sciences journal "Studios". The magazine "Studios" covers important issues of history, discusses controversial issues, in particular the periodization of the history of Romania, publishes documentary materials and reviews new historical works.

Much is being done in the People's Democratic Republic of Romania to improve the teaching of historical sciences and the dissemination of historical knowledge. A Society of Historical Sciences has been established, which conducts public lectures on the most pressing issues of history. The works of Marxist classics are published in large editions in Romania. Scientific institutions and higher educational institutions hold seminars that study Marxist literature. Romanian scientists master the Marxist-Leninist methodology of history, use the experience and achievements of Soviet historiography and progressive historiography of other countries. Soviet historical literature is widely studied in Romania. Translations of Soviet publications, documents, Soviet history textbooks, monographs, and lectures on historical topics are published. Translations of articles from Soviet historical journals are published.

Romanian historical science develops in the struggle against the remnants of idealistic, reactionary ideology, against bourgeois-nationalist and cosmopolitan ideas. -

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political views that reflect a low worship of the" civilizing " mission of the West. Bourgeois historiography reduced the history of Romania to the actions of individual individuals-kings, generals, and rulers. In contrast, the historical science of the People's Democratic Romania focuses its attention on studying the history of the working masses, the history of their struggle against foreign oppressors and domestic exploiters, and the history of the revolutionary movement in Romania. Bourgeois historiography distorted and falsified many historical events and facts from all periods of Romania's history. Guided by the scientific method of Marxism-Leninism, the historical science of the People's Democratic Republic of Romania strives to provide a truly scientific, truthful coverage of the historical process. Bourgeois historiography served the interests of exploiters and inculcated feelings of hatred for other peoples. The historical science of the People's Democratic Republic of Romania contributes to building socialism and rapprochement between peoples.

*

For many decades, the historical science of bourgeois-landlord Romania has distorted and falsified the question of the origin of the Romanian people. Highlighting Romania's ties to ancient Rome, she tried to prove the origin of Romanians from the Roman colonists who inhabited Dacia conquered by the Romans. Historians of the People's Democratic Republic of Romania have to make great efforts to completely break down these hostile structures. On the basis of written evidence and archaeological data, they seek to correctly resolve the question of the origin of the Romanian people and establish the role of the Slavs in the territory of present-day Romania. A number of publications published in recent years contribute to solving this problem.

In 1951. The Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic, in the series "Materials and Research on the Ancient History of Romania", published a collection containing reports on archaeological excavations conducted in 1949.1 The publication provides new data that helps to solve the question of the origin of the Romanian people and reveal the history of their relations with the Slavic peoples.

Among the new interesting publications should be noted the work of Fr. Iliescu "On the hoards of coins and economic life in the III-XIV centuries on the territory of our country"2 , devoted to a little-studied question of the history of the economy of Romania in the pre-Feudal and early feudal periods.

The results of the 1951 archaeological survey are published in the recently published third volume of Essays and Studies in Ancient History3 . Excavations carried out in 1951 in Valea Zizia revealed the relationship of one of the varieties of ceramics from the Dokucuteni culture with the well-known Krisha culture in Moldova. It was also found that burial mounds with burials by burning corpses in the second iron Age have very much in common with ash pits in the north-east of the USSR. Of great interest are also the materials of excavations in Korlateni Dorohoi and near Holbok, dating back to the IV-XI centuries.

An expedition of the Cluj Institute of History and Philosophy in 1950 - 1951 explored the military, religious and political center of the association of Dacian tribes in the Gradistha Munchelului area. The settlement dates back to the beginning of the first century BC. It was destroyed during the Second Dacian War (106 AD). In Gilau, Cluj region, a military certificate was found, which is a copy of the Roman decree of July 21, 164 for military units in Dacia. It resembles a letter found in 1936 in southern Bulgaria.

Monuments have been discovered in Moldovenesti (Turda district), which can give a relatively complete description of the material culture of the XI - XII centuries, when feudal relations began to develop here. The Slavic fortified settlement of Moresti of the XI-XII centuries was investigated in the Mures region. These excavations gave archaeologists a great task to study the Slavic era in Transylvania.

1 Sapaturile la Let Varhegiu (Trei Scaune). Tezaurul dacic dela simleul Silvaniei Sapaturile la Bicsadul Oltului (Trei Scaune). Ed. Acad. RPR. 1951.

2 "Studii". 1952, N 3, p. 178 - 185.

3 "Studii si cercetari de istorie veche". Vol. III.

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In addition to these publications, new archaeological materials were included in the book "Archaeological Materials on the Ancient History of the People's Republic of Belarus", volume I 4 . The results of new research by Romanian scientists in the field of ancient history were summed up by an archaeological exhibition organized in Bucharest. In 1953, the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic published a brief description of the materials of this exhibition .5

In recent years, a number of new works have appeared on the Slavic influence on the Romanian language. Published at the end of 1952 in the first issue of the journal "Romanian Language", Academician E. Petrovich's article "Slavic elements of the Romanian language"6 challenges Romanian historians and linguists to study this important issue. This problem has attracted a lot of attention from Soviet scientists. Their works make a significant contribution to the study of the history of Slavic-Romanian relations .7

*

During 1951-1953, the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic began publishing documents on the history of Romania. The publication includes chronological issues in three sections: Moldavia, Wallachia (Tara Romaneasca) and Transylvania, as well as thematic issues.

The first volume of documents and materials on the history of Transylvania in the XI - XIII centuries (1075-1250), published in the press, contains 296 documents, most of them still unknown. Particularly interesting among them is the "Register from Oradea", which refers to the judicial system by the Slavic term "pravda" .8 Volume II (1251-1300) contains 546 documents. Many of them are published for the first time. Seven volumes have been published on the history of the 16th century: four on the history of Wallachia and three on the history of Moldavia .9 Of the 2,794 documents published in these extracts, more than half are translations from Slavic languages. Documents on the history of 17th-century Romania are presented in four issues, including more than a thousand documents from 1601-1620, 10 mostly previously unpublished.

The publication of documents and the publication of studies on the history of Russian-Romanian economic, political, and cultural relations occupy a large place in Romanian historiography. In 1950, works were published on the relations between Russia and Rumania , 11 describing the situation in the Romanian principalities in the first quarter of the 18th century, 12 and a trip to Russia by the famous Romanian traveler Nicolae Milescu .13 In 1951, documents on Romanian-Georgian relations in the XVII - XVIII centuries were published. 14 and the monograph of Academician P. Constantinescu-Yash "The influence of ancient Russian Architecture on ancient Romanian architecture" 15 .

In 1952, a publication appeared on Russian materials about Stefan the Great (1457-1504) .16

4 Materiale archeologice privind istoria veche a RPR. Vol. I.

5 Expozitia archeologica. Rezultatele sapaturilor archeologice din 1952 in Republica Populara Romana. Bucuresti. Ed. Acad. RPR. 1953.

6 "Limba romana". 1952, N 1, p. 19 - 24.

7 See, for example, R. G. Piotrovsky. Slavic elements in the Romanian language. "Bulletin of the Leningrad University". 1951, No. 1; V. F. Shishmarev. Romance languages of South-Eastern Europe and the national language of the Moldavian SSR. "Questions of linguistics". 1952, No. 1. Collection "Questions of Moldavian linguistics", Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1953.

8 Documente privind istoria Romaniei. Veacul XI, XII si XIII. C. Transilvania. Vol. I (1075 - 1250). Bucuresti. 1951, N 67.

9 Documente privind istoria Romaniei. A Moldova. Vol. II (1551 - 1570), v. III (1571 - 1590). В Tara Romaneasca, v. I (1501 - 1525), v. II (1526 - 1550), v. IV (1571 - 1580), v. V (1581 - 1590), v. VI (1591 - 1600).

10 Documente privind istoria Romaniei. Veacul XVII. A Moldova. V. II (1606 - 1610). B Tara Romaneasca (1601 - 1610), v. II (1611 - 1615), v. III (1616 - 1620).

11 Legaturi intre Petru eel Mare si Constantin Brancoveanu (Documente). "Studii, 1950, N 3.

12 Stiri privitoare la istoria tarilor romane in corespondent imparatilui Rusiei Petru I. "Studii si cercetari de istorie medie". 1950, vol. I, fasc. I.

13 A. Grecu. Despre legaturile lui Nicolae Milescu Spatarul cu Rusia. "Studii", 1950, N 4.

14 Legaturile tarilor romane cu Georgia. "Studii". 1951, N 4.

15 P. Constantinescu-Jasi. Influenza ale architecturii vechi rusesti asupra vechi arhitecturi romanesti. Bucuresti. 1951.

16 A. Green. Stefan eel Mare vazut de o cronica ruseasca. "Studii", 1952, N 1.

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*

Romanian historians pay considerable attention to the revolutionary events of 1848 in the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. After the works of G. Georgescu-Buzau and M. Roller on these issues, 17 the collection of documents "1848 in the Romanian Principalities"was published , 18 and in 1950 the first volume of the collection of documentary materials on the history of the revolution of 1848 in Moldavia was published .19 This topic is explored in the work of N. Popescu-Doreanu on the revolution of 1848 20 . In 1950, the work of D. A. was published. Sold, covering the struggle of Transylvanian miners on the eve of 1848 21 .

In 1951 , an interesting collection, Satire and Pamphlets on the Eve of 1848, 22 was published in Romania, which contains extensive material on the history of the liberation movement in the Danubian Principalities from the second decade of the 19th century and, in particular, on the history of the 1821 uprising led by Tudor Vladimirescu. This material is successfully supplemented by an interesting article by S. Stirbu on the influence of the Decembrist movement on the revolutionary movement of 1821 in the Danubian principalities, 23 his own article on the machinations of agents of the English bourgeoisie against the uprising of Tudor Vladimirescu, 24 new materials on the confederate conspiracy of 1839, 25 and the publication of new documents about one of the leaders of the revolutionary movement of 1847 - Catherine Varga. 26 .

On the centenary of the death of the Romanian revolutionary democrat Nicolae Balcescu (28 November 1952), many articles and documentaries were published in Romania. Note the interesting work of V. Keresteshlu "Nicolai Balcescu - the great Romanian revolutionary Democrat" 27, the work of G. Haupt, which raises an interesting and relevant question about the influence of Russian revolutionary democracy on N. Balcescu 28, the article by T. Bugnariu "Nicolai Balcescu and the national problem"29 . A volume of selected works by N. Balcescu, published by the State Publishing House of Fiction, has also been published. 30 This book includes a number of works by N. Balcescu's contemporaries, articles by well-known Romanian poets Vasile Alexandri and Michael Eminescu, progressive critic A. Odobescu, and memoirs of Ion Ghica, a participant in the revolutionary movement of the 40s.

*

On May 9, 1952, the Romanian people celebrated the 75th anniversary of the liberation from the Turkish yoke and the declaration of national independence of Romania. On the anniversary days, the Romanian press was particularly well-informed about the liberation struggle of Romanians-

17 Gh. Georgescu-Buzau. Aspectul agrar al revolutiei din 1948 in Muntenia. Bucuresti. 1946; M. Roller. Anul revolutionar 1848. Bucuresti. 1948.

18 1848 in principatele romane. Bucuresti. 1948.

19 Anul revolutionar 1848. Vol. I. In Moldova. Bucuresti. 1950.

20 N. Popescu-Doreanu. Nicolae Balcescu si revolutia dela 1848 Russian translation: N. Popescu-Doreanu. The Revolution of 1848 in Romania and Nicolae Balcescu, Moscow, 1950.

21 D. Prodan. Date asupra mineritului Transilvaniei in preajma anului 1848. "Studii". 1950, N 3.

22 Satire si pamflete din preajma lui 1848. Bucuresti. 1951.

23 C. Stirbu. Cu privire la influenta miscarii revolutionare a decembristilor asupra evenimentelor revolutionare din 1821 in tara noastra, "Studii". 1951. N 1.

24 S. Stirbu. Uneltirile agentilor burgheziei engleze impotriva rascoalei conduse de Tudor Vladimirescu. "Studii". 1952, N 1.

25 V. Popovici. Unele date noi despre conjuratia confederativa din 1839. Academia RPR. Lucrarile sesiunii generale stiintifice din 2 - 12 Junie 1950. Bucuresti. 1951, p. 1993 - 2000.

26 V. V. Noui documente in legetura cu arestarea Ecaterinei Varga. "Studii". 1951. N 1.

27 "Lupta de clasa". 1953, N 1 - 2, p. 96 - 111.

28 Gh. Haupt. Despre Nicolae Balcescu si cercurile revolutionar-democratice din Rusia. "Studii", 1952, N 4.

29 T. Bugnariu. Nicolae Balcescu si problema nayonala. "Studii". 1953, N 2.

30 N. Balcescu. Opera. Bucuresti. 1952. In addition to this publication, in the spring of 1953, a mass edition was published for young people of N. Balcescu's book "The History of Romanians under Michael the Brave" (N. Balcescu. Istoria Romanilor subt Mihai-Voda Viteazul), the first and second volumes of the new edition of the collected works of N. Balcescu, undertaken by the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic, as well as the first volume of "Essays and Essays on N. Balcescu" (Studii si referate despre N. Balcescu. Vol. I. Ed. Acad. RPR. 1953).

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the work of the heroes of this struggle: Mircea the Old, Stefan the Great, Ion the Terrible, Mikhail the Brave, Dmitry Cantemir, Tudor Vladimirescu. On the anniversary days, the gratitude of the Romanian people to their Russian liberators was expressed with renewed vigor. The national independence of Romania was won by the joint struggle of Russian and Romanian soldiers.

The Institute of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic published a volume of materials on the history of the War of Independence, which included 1344 documents31. This publication is radically different from the numerous publications on the history of the War of Independence that were undertaken in bourgeois-landowning Romania. A large number of documents have been published showing the role of the masses in the war, the Russian-Romanian military community, and Russia's assistance to the Romanian people.

The gratitude of the Romanian people to their Russian liberators was expressed with renewed vigor in the jubilee days of 1952. On May 9, 1952, the General Assembly of Workers 'Representatives of Bucharest sent a letter of welcome to Stalin, which stated:" For the second time in its history, the Romanian people gained independence from the hands of the heroic Russian people... In the battles for the independence of the motherland, our people have always felt the full fraternal support of the great Russian people. The Romanian-Russian brotherhood in arms was forged on the battlefields. The centuries-old friendship between the Romanian and Russian peoples was raised to a new and higher level after August 23, 1944. " 32

The published documents expose the anti-Romanian foreign policy of Western powers. The British, German, Austrian and Italian governments tried in every possible way to disrupt the preparations of the Romanian principalities for the war of liberation. Only Russia provided assistance to Romania. On April 4, 1877, the Russian-Romanian Convention was signed, which defined the conditions for the passage of the Russian army through the territory of the Romanian principalities. The preamble to the convention treated them as an independent State. Article 2 of the convention emphasized that Russia would " respect the political rights of the Romanian state." Russia has provided financial support to Romania. Already on April 14, Romania received the first loan - over 900 thousand lei. In addition to money, Romania received from Russia 1,000 horses for artillery batteries and large-caliber guns.

The most important aid to Romania from Russia was the fighting of Russian troops against the Turks. "Russia's entry into the war against Turkey in 1877," writes academician P. Constantinescu - Yash, " was of decisive importance for our people, as for all the Balkan peoples. This war was a war of independence for the Romanian people who participated in it. Without Russia's help, our country would have languished for a long time in the heavy Turkish yoke. " 33

On May 20, 1952, the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic hosted a scientific conference entitled "Assistance of the Russian people in the struggle of the Romanian people for national independence". The reports presented at this conference were included in the collection "75 years since the proclamation of the State independence of Romania" 34 published by the Romanian Academy of Sciences.

Academician P. Constantinescu-Yash in his report "International situation on the eve of the War of Independence", using new material, showed that the Western powers opposed the formation of an independent Romanian state. The speaker noted the friendly relations of the Romanian people with the Russian and Bulgarian peoples and emphasized the role of Russia's liberation during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878.

The collection contains the report of the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic G. Stefan "On the centuries-old assistance rendered to the Romanian people by the Russian people". The speaker pointed out that back in the XI century, the Old Russian state provided assistance to the Danube cities, and at the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. Moldova has become

31 Documente privind istoria Romaneiei. Razboiul pentru independent. Vol. II (1 Jenuarie 1877 - 9 Mai 1877). Bucuresti. Ed. Acad. RPR. 1952.

32 Pravda, May 10, 1952.

33 Ibid.

34 75 de ani dela proclamarea independentei de stat a Romaniei. Bucuresti. 1952.

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part of Galician Russia. The victory of Dmitry Donskoy's troops over the Golden Horde in 1380 created favorable conditions for the development of the Moldovan state. Close ties with Moscow in the 16th and 17th centuries brought Russian cultural treasures to Moldavia and Wallachia. Moscow was the only defender of the Danubian principalities from Turkish tyranny. The union of Peter I with Dmitry Cantemir, concluded in 1711, was also a great help to the peoples of the principalities from Russia. Based on the materials of the Crimean War period of 1853-1856, the speaker shows the fundamental difference between the anti-Romanian British and Austrian policies and the friendly policy of Russia.

The third report, by S. Stirbu and V. Maciu, "The Russian people's help in achieving the state independence of Romania in 1877-1878", analyzes Russia's foreign policy during these years and evaluates the military actions of the Russian army. The implementation of the Russian strategic plan made it impossible for the Turks to wage war on the territory of Romania. Russian revolutionary emigrants and the Russian progressive public also played an important role in the Romanian people's struggle for independence.

Academician M. Roller devoted his report to the struggle of the Romanian people for the freedom of their homeland ("Heroism of the people in the struggle for independence"). M. Roller showed that different classes of Romanian society had different attitudes to the issue of national independence in 1877. Only the working masses were the true exponents of the idea of national liberation. The working peasantry linked their hopes of obtaining land to the War of Independence. However, the ruling classes deceived the Romanian peasantry. It is no accident that among the active figures of the peasant uprising in 1888 there were many participants in the battles near Plevna. These peasants fought as bravely against their enslaved landlords as they did against the Turks ten years ago.

In the report of the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic D. The article "Liberation of our Motherland from the fascist yoke by the victorious Soviet Army" states that the defeat of the fascist hordes on the Eastern Front by the Soviet Army was a decisive condition for the national revival of Romania. After the Battle of Stalingrad, the resistance movement in Romania intensified. Relying on the support of the Romanian people, the Soviet Army liberated Romania from Hitler's troops. Under the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party, a historic act was carried out on August 23, 1944, which marked the beginning of a broad national struggle for the establishment of a people's democratic system in Romania.

Among the works published on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the declaration of national independence, one should mention S. Vianu's article on the history of the Romanian people's struggle for national independence, 35 and G. Haupt's article on the activities of revolutionary organizations in Romania in connection with the War of Independence of 1877-1878 .36 Based on a large amount of factual material, G. Haupt traces the international relations of the Romanian revolutionaries. He covers in detail the activities of one of the organizers of the first Romanian socialist circles, N. Zubcu-Codreanu. G. Haupt clearly shows the influence that the Russian liberation movement and, above all, the great Russian revolutionary democrats - Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky-had on Romanian leading public figures. Romanian followers of the great Russians were at the forefront of the movement for national liberation. revolutionaries.

In May 1953, another volume of documents on the history of the war of 1877-1878 was published in Romania, covering the period from May 9 to June 15, 1877.37 Romanian historians continue to study the history of the struggle of the Romanian people for national independence.

35 S. Vianu. Din lupta poporului roman pentru scuturarea jugului otoman si cucerirea independent. "Studii". 1953, N 2.

36 Gh. Haupt. Despre atitudinea cercurilor revolutionare din Romania fata de razboiul de independent din 1877 - 1878. "Studii". 1952, N 2.

37 Documente privind istoria Romaniei. Razboiul pentru independents Vol. III (9 Mai 1877 - 15 Junie 1877). Bucuresti. 1953.

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*

In recent years, Romanian historians have been successfully developing the history of the workers 'and peasants' movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Two editions of publications of documents on the history of the working-class movement have already been published .38 Some new documents from the collections of the Romanian-Russian Museum have also been printed .39 These publications are supplemented by a large documentary published in the work of P. Constantinescu-Yash, which reviews Romanian responses to the events of the Paris Commune40 .

In 1950, the publication of documents on the history of the peasant uprising in 188841 was published . This is the first systematic publication of materials about one of the largest uprisings of the Romanian peasantry. The peasant movement of 1899 and the activities of socialist clubs in the Romanian countryside are discussed in an article by G. Matei and M. Damaskin, published in the journal " Studios "with some documents attached. 42

Romanian historians pay much attention to social movements in Romania during the first Russian Revolution. In 1948-1949, under the editorship of Academician M. Roller, a large publication of documents on the peasant uprising of 1907 was published, which was awarded the state prize 43 . In 1952, M. Dumitru published an article about the arrival of participants of the uprising on the battleship Potemkin in Romania and the help of Romanian workers to Russian sailors .44 A collection of literary materials was also published, which included journalistic articles by contemporaries of the 1907 uprising: the famous satirist I. Caragiale ("1907, from Spring to autumn"), a member of the labor movement, the progressive journalist N. Koch ("The Sacrifice of Twelve Thousand") .45

G. Gheorghiu-Dej's collection "Articles and Speeches", published in the third edition at the end of 1952, is a valuable material for studying one of the most important problems in the history of the struggle of the Romanian workers under the leadership of the Communist Party .46 The collection includes the main articles and speeches of Comrade G. Gheorghiu-Dej, starting from 1945. Especially important for historians is the well-known work of G. Gheorghiu - Dej "30 years of the party's struggle under the banner of Lenin - Stalin" - a brief sketch of the history of the Romanian Communist Party for 1921-1951. G. Gheorghiu-Dej's speech at the Republican miners 'Conference, published in Russian by the Romanian Workers' Party publishing house, 47 contains interesting materials about the general strike of miners in the Jiu Valley in 1916. on the formation of the Workers ' Council in the Jiu Valley in October 1918 under the influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution, and on the general strike of the Jiu Valley miners in January 1919. Focusing on the revolutionary struggle of the Lupeni miners in 1929, G. Gheorghiu-Dej exposes V. Luka's capitulatory position in this struggle and his slanderous claims that the Tatarbunars, Lupeni and Grivitsa were the work of "historical parties" and provocations of the Okhrana. "The working class," declares Mr. Gheorghiu - Dej, "rejects this slander with indignation." 48

In his report on the draft constitution of the Romanian People's Republic, G. Gheorghiu-Dej describes the Constitution of 1923, pointing out that it was the constitution of the bloody dictatorship of capitalists and landlords, which was carried out by the Hohenzollern dynasty and two "historical" parties that alternated in power.

38 Documente din miscarea muncitoreasca, 1872 - 1916. Ed. 2-a complectata. Bucuresti. 1947.

39 Muzeul Romano-Rus. Bucuresti. 1949.

40 P. Constantinescu-Jasi. Despre comuna din Paris si ecoul ei in presa contemporana din Romania (1871 - 1880). "Studii". 1951, N 1.

41 Rascoala turanilor din 1888. Bucuresti. 1950.

42 Gh. Matei si M. Damaschin. Despre miscarile taranesti din 1899 si cluburile socialiste la sate. Anexa: Documente. "Studii". 1953, N l.

43 Rascoala taranilor din 1907. Vol. I, 1948; Vol. II, 1948; Vol. III, 1949.

44 "Studii". 1952, N 2.

45 Din literatura lui 1907. Bucuresti. 1951.

46 Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej. Articole si cuvantari, ed, a III-a. Bucuresti. 1952.

47 Gheorghiu Dej. Speech at the Republican meeting of coal miners on June 29, 1952. Ed. RRP. 1952.

48 Gheorghiu Dej. Op. ed., p. 12.

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It was imbued with the ideology of nationalism of the exploiting classes and "expressed the anti-national character of the bourgeois-landlord system, its policy of enslaving the country to the imperialist powers of the West, and selling Romania's independence and state sovereignty under the hammer to international capital." 50 G. Gheorghiu-Dej regards the Constitution of 1938 as a "fascist-type" constitution and points out that "under the sign of this constitution, the Romanian people were drawn into a criminal anti-Soviet war by Antonescu's fascist clique, which was based "on bourgeois-landowner parties"and brought to the brink of destruction" .51

In Romania, extensive work is being done to study the history of the Romanian Communist Party. Back in 1951, when the party was celebrating its 30th anniversary, the Institute of Party History under the Central Committee of the RRP published a collection of materials "Documents from the History of the Communist Party of Romania" 52 covering the period 1917 to 1944. Publications " provides an opportunity for the historian to trace the development and growth of the Communist Party from its inception to August 23, 1944,when, after many years of underground activity, it became legal.

This collection contains leaflets, manifestos, letters of the Central Committee, resolutions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee, excerpts from minutes, pamphlets, newspaper articles, etc. The collection contains widely presented documents showing the influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution on the revolutionary movement in Romania after the First World War , 53 documents of 1931-1933 on the struggle of the Communist Party of Romania. the party's struggle for a revolutionary way out of the crisis, on the Bolshevization of the party, on the heroic struggle of Romanian railway and oil workers in 1933, documents on the party's struggle for the creation of a united anti-fascist front, for friendship with the USSR on the eve of World War II. A special place in the collection is occupied by materials describing the heroic struggle of the Romanian communists against the fascist dictatorship during the Second World War, the leading role of the Communist Party in uniting all the patriotic forces of the country in the name of national liberation.

The Institute of Party History under the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers ' Party continues its work on publishing party documents. The first volume of a new edition of documents on the history of the Romanian Communist Party, containing materials related to the period 1918 - 1923, has been published. In addition to publishing documents, after the war in Romania, a series of biographies of prominent figures of the Romanian Communist Party, fighters for freedom and independence of their homeland was published. These are small studies about the best sons and daughters of the Romanian people who fell in the heroic struggle against the bourgeois-landlord dictatorship: Gheorghe Vasilescu-Vasia, Nicolae Cristea, Ion Fonaghi, Leonte Filipescu, Pavel Tkachenko, Dumitru Marinescu, Haya Livshits, Lazar Grunberg and Andrei Bernat, Bela Breiner and others. In 1951, works dedicated to Komsomol heroes Peter Gheorghe and Konstantin Godyan were published.

N. Goldenberger's work "The Struggle of the Communist Party of Romania in the Period of Relative Stabilization of Capitalism in 1923-1929"is devoted to a little - studied period of the history of the Romanian Communist Party. 54 The author shows how, in fierce battles with class enemies, the party became hardened and prepared to face the beginning of a new revolutionary upsurge in 1929, heralded by the bloody shooting of miners in Lupeni.

Romanian historians pay great attention to studying the history of the heroic struggle of the advanced detachments of the Romanian working class-railway and oil workers. In 1951, the Zupta de clasa magazine devoted a special article 55 to this topic .

49 G. Gheorghiu-Dej. Report on the draft Constitution of the Romanian People's Republic. Bucharest, 1952, p. 10.

50 Ibid., p. 13.

51 Ibid., p. 14.

52 Documente din istoria Partidului Comunist din Romania. Ed. PMR. 1951.

53 V. Liveanu's work on the strike movement in Romania in 1918, published in the magazine "Studios", is devoted to the same topic (V. Liveanu. Grevele din Romania in anul 1918. "Studii". 1953, N 2).

54 N. Goldenberger. Lupta partidului comunist din Romania in perioda stabilizarii relative a capitalismului 1923 - 1929. Bucuresti. 1952.

55 D. Coliu. Din lupta muncitorilor petrolisti sub conducerea partidului. "Lupta de clasa". 1951, N 5 - 6.

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In 1953, on the 20th anniversary of the February battles of the Romanian railway workers, D. Petrescu published a detailed article about the " Red Grivitsa "56 . It is supplemented by an article published last year by G. Fischer, which exposes the nefarious role of American diplomacy in connection with the US obtaining railway concessions in Romania in 1932-1933. 57 At the beginning of 1953, the Institute of Party History under the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers 'Party published K. Stoica's monograph" The Heroic Struggle of Railway and Oil Workers in 1933 " .58 This work covers the history of the rise of the workers ' revolutionary movement in Romania during the world economic crisis of 1929-1933 and shows the leading role of the Communist Party, which managed to become the vanguard of the Romanian working class and lead the struggle of railway and oil workers against the Romanian bourgeoisie and its owner - foreign capital, which entangled the whole country with its tentacles. Ilie Pintilia, Vasile Roaita and other heroes of the Romanian people, who together with Gheorghiu-Dej led the struggle of the railway workers. The monograph describes the movement of revolutionary solidarity with the railway workers of Grivica in Cluj, Severin, Galac, Constanta, Iasi, Timisoara and many other cities in Romania.

To. Stoika describes in detail the history of the revolutionary actions of the oil workers of the Prahova Valley, who launched a struggle in 1933 against foreign monopolies and, above all, against the Anglo-American companies Astra-Romsha and Romsha-Americana. Special chapter K. The stand is dedicated to the struggle of the proletariat of Romania in the days of February 15-16, 1933. The bourgeois-landlord government suppressed the heroic struggle of the Rumanian workers with brutal repressions, but the revolutionary experience gained in those days was used by the Rumanian proletariat in its further struggle. From the book by K. Stoica, the reader learns about the trial of railway workers, about the protest movement against the actions of the government that engulfed the workers of Romania, about the persistent struggle of the Communists during the trial. The selfless struggle of the Romanian proletariat met with a sympathetic response from the workers of the whole world, and above all from the workers of the USSR. Railway workers of the Birzula station of the Moldavian ASSR wrote to Romanian comrades: "We send you our fraternal Bolshevik greetings and wish you to be brave and firm in the struggle you are waging under the leadership of the Communist Party, in the struggle against capital." 59

Laszlo Bagnai's work "Thirty Years"60 tells about the struggle of the Hungarian workers together with their Romanian brothers against the bourgeois-landowner regime . This fraternal revolutionary community of Romanian and Hungarian workers represents one of the most significant pages in the history of the Romanian labor movement. In 1951, the author published an article on the history of the Union of Hungarian Workers in Romania "Mados" in the Romanian language in the magazine "Studios"61 .

An important task of historians is to study the activities of mass progressive organizations in Romania. A prominent Romanian historian, Academician P. Constantinescu-Yash, wrote a monograph entitled "Mass legal organizations led by the Communist Party of Romania in 1932-1938". The author provides rich factual material on the anti-fascist movement and the activities of the National Anti-Fascist Movement created on the initiative and under the leadership of the Communist Party.-

56 D. Petrescu. O pagina gloriosa in istoria clasei muncitoare si a popurului roman (Grivita. 1933). "Lupta de clasa". 1953, N 1 - 2.

57 G. Fischer. Uneltirile diplomatiei americane in jurul unei concesiuni acordate de catre CFR in anul 1932 - 1933. "Studii". 1952, N 2.

58 C. Stoica. Eroicele lupte ale muncitorilor ceferisti si petrolisti din 1933. Bucuresti. 1953.

59 Edict. op., p. 128. International responses to the February battles of 1933 are also discussed in an article by A. Varg (see "Scanteia" February 14, 1953).

60 Banyai Laszlo. Harminc ev. Jegyzetek a romaniai magyarsag utjarol. Bucarest. 1949.

61 L. Banyai. Despre activitatea uniunii oamenilor muncii maghiari din Romania (MaDoSz). "Studii". 1951, N 4.

62 P. Constantinescu-Jasi. Organizatii de massa legale conduse de Partidul Comunist din Romania in anii 1932 - 1938. Bucuresti. Ed. Acad. RPR. 1952.

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committee. The author tells about the difficult and glorious struggle waged against the war and fascism by the mass legal organizations "League of Labor", "Society of Friends of the USSR", "League of Struggle against Prejudice", "Society for Helping Mothers and Children", "Democratic Bloc", "Democratic Union".

The appendix to the book is devoted to the history of the Romanian progressive press in 1931-1938. P. Constantinescu-Yash gave an interesting chronological summary of materials on 115 periodicals, which are mostly kept in the collection of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic. This summary will greatly benefit researchers.

At a meeting of Romanian historians in early 1953, it was noted that the book of P. Constantinescu-Yash also has a number of shortcomings. The author weakly showed the connection between the activities of legal organizations and the general socio-political movement in the country, and somewhat exaggerated the role of legal organizations. This makes it difficult for the reader to get a correct idea of the Communist Party's work in leading mass legal organizations and the entire liberation struggle as a whole.

*

Many of the works of Romanian historians are devoted to the politically relevant task of exposing the expansionist role of foreign capital in Romania. Such works include articles by V. Machiu 63 that reveal the activities of Anglo-American capital in Romania during the Second World War, and a study by V. Iordache on the history of foreign bonded capitalist loans and their disastrous effect on the development of the Romanian economy .64

The most important publication exposing the aggressive machinations of Anglo-American agents in Romania is a documentary collection published in 1952 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Romanian People's Republic .65 This book is a valuable historical source. As the facts presented in it show, the American imperialists tried in every possible way to slow down the democratic development of Romania and organize a military intervention. Agents of the American imperialists prepared a series of plots against the Romanian people in order to carry out a reactionary coup d'etat in the country. Numerous testimonies show the espionage and sabotage activities of employees of the British and American missions, expose the anti-national, traitorous face of the so - called historical parties-the National Tsaranist Party of Maniu and the National Liberal Party of Bratianu.

The collection of materials on the trial of foreign intelligence agents that took place in Bucharest in September 1951 reveals the espionage activities of the Vatican's agents in Romania .66 The materials of the trial are prefaced with an introduction that gives a general political assessment of the trial, as well as information about the defendants, the composition of the court, the defense, etc.The trial revealed the secret springs that triggered the sabotage and espionage network of the Catholic Church in Romania. He showed that the Papal nunciature in Bucharest was acting on the direct instructions of the American imperialists and was carrying out their general plan directed against the countries of popular democracy. The trial exposed the treasonous activities of the highest ranks of the Catholic hierarchy, who back in the 30s, receiving money from Hitler, actively promoted Fascist propaganda and German expansion in Romania. The trial revealed the connection of the Anglo-American Catholic agents with the reactionary circles of the Romanian bourgeoisie, their common attempt in 1944-1945 to stifle the democratic movement, organize intervention and restore the fascist order in the country.

63 V. Maciu. Despre actiunea imperialistilor anglo-americani in Romania in ajunul ultimului razboi mondial. "Studii". 1951, N2.

64 "Probleme economice", 1952, N 6 - 7.

65 Enemies of peace and freedom of peoples. Aggressive policy and machinations of American imperialism against the Romanian People's Republic. Bucharest, 1952.

66 Procesul unui grup de spioni, tradatori, si complotisti in slujba Vaticanului si a centrului de spionaj italian. Bucuresti, 10 - 17 sept. 1951. Bucuresti. 1952.

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A particularly important problem that is being worked out by Romanian scientists is the history of the development of popular democracy in Romania in 1945-1953. The number of publications devoted to this issue is quite significant. Extensive material for studying the post-war history of Romania can be found in G. Gheorghiu-Dej's Russian-language work "Report on the draft Constitution of the Romanian People's Republic". This report describes the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Romania, adopted in 1948, and assesses the class changes in Romanian society that have occurred as a result of the further development and strengthening of people's democracy. The Constitution of 1948 " corresponded to the stage of development when the process of revolutionary transformation... was it still in its infancy or in its infancy"67 . Since then, the Romanian people have achieved great achievements. These achievements of the Romanian People's Republic "would have been unthinkable without the enormous and constant assistance of the Soviet Union." 68 As a result of the success of the Romanian people in building socialism, the socio-economic foundations were created for the new Constitution of the Romanian People's Republic, adopted by the Grand National Assembly on September 24, 1952.

G. Gheorghiu-Dej's work "Further strengthening of the people's democratic system in the Romanian People's Republic"is of great importance for Romanian historians .69 This paper describes two stages in the development of popular democracy in Romania and reveals the significance of the people's democratic system as a form of dictatorship of the proletariat. The paper analyzes class relations in the country and shows the struggle of the Romanian Workers ' Party for the socialist transformation of Romanian society.

In 1951, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Romanian Workers 'Party, the publishing house of the Romanian Workers' Party published a collection of documents "Resolutions and Resolutions of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party. 1948 - 1950". The collection was published in Bucharest in Romanian and Russian. It included the most important decisions of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers ' Party: the resolution of the 1948 Unification Congress of the party, decisions on the national question, on trade unions, on the youth movement, on literature, art, and sports. A number of documents are devoted to the five-year plan of 1951-1955, the socialist reorganization of agriculture, the tasks of planning, administrative and economic zoning, and the work of individual industries. The materials of the collection help to study the key issues of the development of the people's democratic system, party and state building at the second stage of the development of people's democracy in Romania. The Institute of Party History under the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers 'Party decided to start publishing" Resolutions and Resolutions of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers 'Party" in the following years.

The Romanian Workers ' Party is waging a resolute, irreconcilable struggle against individual attempts to deviate from the party line. Exposing and defeating the right-wing bias allowed the party to strengthen its ranks, increase the revolutionary fighting capacity of its members, and expand internal party democracy more widely. Taking into account the importance of the struggle to complete the defeat of the right deviation, the publishing house of the Romanian Workers ' Party published a special collection "Materials on the Right deviation in the Romanian Workers 'Party"in 1952. This includes "Letter of the Central Committee of the RRP to all party organizations and party members on the results of monetary reform and the tasks of the Party" dated March 15, 1952, materials of the plenum of the Central Committee of the RRP on May 26 - 27, 1952, an editorial in the newspaper "Scinteia" dated June 3, 1952, and an article by the secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers ' Party A. Mogiorosh "Strengthening working class parties are the key to the victory of socialism in Romania." This collection of leading party documents is an important tool for studying the history of the Romanian Workers ' Party.

At the end of 1952, on the fifth anniversary of the proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic, the Publishing House of Political Literature published an essay in Russian,

67 G. Gheorghiu-Dej. Report on the draft Constitution of the Romanian People's Republic. Bucharest, 1952, p. 15.

68 Ibid., p. 18.

69 "The Communist". 1953, No. 1, pp. 69-82.

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dedicated to the development of Romania on the road to socialism 70 . In the same year, 1952, the Romanian Institute for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries published the collection "The Right to Work in the Romanian People's Republic". This interesting book contains materials on the situation of the working people before the overthrow of the bourgeois-landlord dictatorship, on the struggle of the working class after the Second World War for the right to work, and on the achievements of the people's democratic system in this area. The cultural revolution taking place in the People's Democratic Republic of Romania is described in the collection of the same institute "Culture in the Romanian People's Republic - a national treasure "(Bucharest, 1952). The collection paints a broad picture of the huge changes that have taken place in Romania in recent years. The historian will find in the collection a wealth of material about the fundamental changes in the cultural life of the Romanian people, who are successfully building socialism.

*

Currently, Romanian historians set out to create a Marxist textbook on the history of their homeland. Its first editions were published in the late 40s. At the end of 1952, a team of authors led by Academician M. Roller prepared a new edition of the course on the history of Romania, entitled "History of the Republic of Romania" .71 In early 1953, he was fairly criticized at the All-Serumyn conference of historians. An extended meeting of the Department of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Romanian People's Republic, held on January 16-17, 1953, noted the achievements of Romanian historical science and revealed serious shortcomings in the organization of research work. The meeting called on all Romanian historians to raise the theoretical level of scientific output.

Romanian historiography contributes to the common cause of the socialist reconstruction of the country. The front of the work of Romanian historians is expanding, and the offensive against the reactionary ideas of bourgeois historiography is developing. Romanian historical science goes out on a broad path of service to the working people, the great ideas of peace, democracy and socialism.

70 The Romanian People's Republic on the road to building socialism. Bucharest, 1952.

71 "Istoria RPR". Bucuresti. 1952.

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