The International symposium under this name, held in Paris on October 2-3, 2008, was timed to coincide with two significant dates: the 130th anniversary of the birth of the French orientalist P. Pelliot and the centenary of the Pelliot Foundation. In early 1908, a French expedition led by the young scientist P. Pelliot arrived in Dunhuang, where a room with tens of thousands of scrolls, books, and images was discovered in an abandoned cave monastery. This discovery was destined to become the greatest discovery in the field of Oriental studies in the XX century and completely transform entire areas of this science. Thanks to his extraordinary erudition and excellent knowledge of languages, P. Pelliot was one of the first to realize the significance of the find and select the best samples, which made the French collection of Dunhuang documents one of the best in the world, second only to the Russian and British collections.

The symposium was organized by almost all the leading centers of Oriental studies in France: the Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises du Collège de France (IHEC); the Center for Research on Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan Civilizations-the National Center for Scientific Research, the Higher School of Practice and the Collège de France (Center de Recherche sur les Civilizations chinoise, japonaise et tibétiane (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS), École pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE) et Collège de France) and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belle-Lettres (AIBL) in collaboration with the French School of the Far East (École Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), the Asiatic Society (Société asiatique) and the Research Center "Iranian and Indian World "(National Center for Scientific Research, University of Paris III-New Sorbonne, National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations, Higher School of Practice) (Unité de Recherche " Mondes iranien et indien "(CNRS), Université Paris III-Sorbonne Nouvelle, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations orientales (INALCO, EPHE) and with the support of the Fondation Hugot du Collège de France and the Choir of the Institut de France (Fondation Khôra de l'Institut de France).

The aim of the event, as its main organizer J.-P. Drege (EPHE) stated in his welcoming speech, is the urgent need for a comprehensive study of the heritage of this versatile scientist, who left his mark not only in sinology, but also in Mongolistics, Turkology, Iranian studies and Tibetology.

In order to combine efforts in order to systematize and understand the contribution of this scientist to various fields of science, prominent representatives of several branches of Oriental studies from different countries were invited to implement these ambitious tasks.In their reports, they tried to highlight the full diversity of P. Pellio's scientific heritage, analyze his research methods and role in the development of modern science.

The report of P.-I. Manquin and E. Bourdonneau (both EFEO) "Together with Pelliot on the edge of the abyss" was devoted to the first steps of Paul Pelliot in science. In 1900, shortly after graduating from the famous École des Sciences Politiques (SciencePo) and receiving a diploma from the School of Living Oriental Languages (École nationale des langues orientales vivantes in 1971), which was renamed the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO), he became the first Sinologist scholar of the newly founded French Academy of Chinese Studies. He was also sent to Hanoi as a Chinese language teacher in the Far East. But he spent most of his time traveling, the purpose of which was to form a synological culture-

page 145
the library of the School, which was performed by him with rare knowledge of the matter. On his first trip to Beijing (1900), Pellio was at the heart of the Yihetuan rebellion, participated in the heroic defense of the embassy quarter, became famous for his bravery and was awarded the star of the Legion of Honor. It was during this period of his life that he made his first serious steps in science - from 1902 to 1904, he published six articles in the Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, mainly devoted to the study of Chinese sources on the history of Indochina. The articles attracted the attention of the academic world and made a serious contribution to the study of the region's history. Subsequently, Pellio repeatedly returned to this topic, mainly in his reviews, in which the reviewed work often became only a pretext for independent research, and in the notes in the book of Marco Polo. Pelliot's first works were distinguished by a careful attitude to Chinese sources, in contrast to the specialists of that time, who saw in them only the arrogance of the Chinese towards the "southern barbarians", and not the invaluable information contained in them. It was Pelliot who drew the attention of researchers to this group of sources, and it is difficult to overestimate his contribution to the study of Indochina. It should also be noted that already in these works, the scientist's interest in cross-cultural interactions is noticeable, which will later become a favorite subject of his research.

E. Trombert's speech (CNRS)" Paul Pelliot's Archaeological expedition in Central Asia (1906 - 1908) " was devoted to one of the most famous periods of the scientist's life. This journey, which, thanks to the discoveries made by Pelliot and his companions (the physician Louis Vaillant and the photographer Charles Nuette in Tumshuk), Kuche and, most importantly, in Dunhuang, allowed France, which had previously lagged behind England, Germany and Russia in the field of studying East Turkestan, to catch up, instantly made Pelliot a real celebrity. However, unlike his colleagues from other countries (for example, Sir Aurel Stein or Albert von Le Kock), Pellio did not publish much of the expedition's materials (most of them were published after his death), and therefore, until recently, our ideas about it were very sketchy. Only after the publication of Pelliot's travel notes [Pelliot, 2008], stored in the archive of the Musée National des Arts Asiatiques (Guimet), many important and interesting details of this risky event became known. In the end, it was the sinologist's high qualifications that allowed him to select the best of the finds and deliver such rich material to France that even now, a century later, his study is very far from complete.
The report by I. Goudineau (EFEO) "Paul Pelliot, free shooter of the French School of the Far East" highlighted some details of Pelliot's work during his time as a fellow of the French School of the Far East. In addition to the great contribution of P. Pellio to the creation and inventory of the library (in addition to Chinese books and documents, he also described a number of Annamite documents with the help of O. Cadier), which introduced many valuable sources into scientific circulation, Pellio did a lot to strengthen the School's position in science.

Report by F. Wood (British Library) "Stein and Pelliot" was devoted to the difficult relationship between two great researchers of Central Asia-P. Pelliot and A. Stein. Despite the fact that the two rivals met only a few times, Pellio is often mentioned in Stein's letters, especially during the period of their competition in East Turkestan. Stein was very much afraid of the French, and even before their arrival in Central Asia, in one of his letters, expressed the hope that they would not be able to pass through Russia, which was still in a fever after the 1905 revolution, and then they would have to move through India, where he hoped, thanks to his connections, to make the journey as difficult as possible and it should have greatly delayed the progress of the French expedition. Fortunately, his hopes were not fulfilled, and Pellio and his companions successfully crossed the Russian-Chinese border. Subsequently, Stein jealously watched the progress of the French, trying to get ahead of them in the most important points. This behavior repeatedly received a rather harsh assessment in P. Pellio's letters to friends. The relationship between Stein and Pellio remained uneasy even after the end of the expedition. In 1910. Stein, informed that Pelliot had expressed a desire to examine the documents brought by the British expedition from Dunhuang, which had not yet been analyzed and described, demanded in a letter that the Frenchman should never be taken out of his sight. However, Stein always recognized Pellio's great talent and high qualifications.

page 146
The presentation of R. Lardinois (CNRS)" Paul Pelliot from the point of view of Sylvain Levy " covered the relationship between P. Pelliot and the brilliant indologist Sylvain Levy, one of his teachers and mentors in Oriental studies. Levy's letters to Pellio (which are supposed to be published in the appendix to the symposium collection of articles), which help to clarify a lot in this matter, are the main source of research. The life and professional paths of the two scientists were linked for decades, until Levy's death. In 1900, Mr. Levy, patronizing a capable student, advises him to study the history of Annam and pay attention to Chinese sources, and 11 years later, after Pelliot returned from his famous expedition, Levy, fully realizing the level of talent of the young colleague, does everything possible to create a department of languages at the College de France specifically for him., history of Central Asian archaeology. Despite many fundamental disagreements in the scientific field, Pelliot and Levy have always maintained a warm relationship, and their correspondence is a valuable source on the history of French Oriental studies.

In the message of Ge Fuping (Acad. Societies, Sciences of the People's Republic of China) and P.-E. Will (College de France) "Paul Pelliot and the Institute of Higher Sinological Studies" the attention of the audience was drawn to the participation of P. Pellio participated in the foundation and functioning of the Institute for Higher Sinological Studies. SHES was founded in March 1920 for quite political reasons. The initiators of its discovery were Ye Gongcho, an adviser to the then President of the Republic of China Xu Shichang, and the mathematician P. Penglewe, an ardent supporter of republican China. The founders of the institute hoped that the creation of such a research center at the famous Sorbonne would improve the image of China in Europe and help establish closer relations between Beijing and Western capitals. P. Pellio was invited to join the committee that was supposed to prepare for the opening of the institute. However, he soon came into conflict with one of the Chinese representatives on the committee, Han Rujia, an extreme nationalist and opponent of Sinologists in general and Pellio in particular. He regarded him as an opponent of Republican China, and apparently could not forgive him for the precious manuscripts taken from Dunhuang. In extreme exasperation, Paul Pelliot broke off all relations with the institute even before it was opened. Only in 1926, when the situation changed, did Pellio agree to participate in the educational activities of the SHES, as well as supervise the acquisition of the library, which he always paid a lot of attention to. As the correspondence between Pelliot and the prominent sinologist M. Granet, who headed the SHES, shows, they often discussed the problems of developing the center and achieved that the SHES became one of the leading sinological centers in France from the brainchild of quite short-term political interests. In 1940, after Granet's death, Pelliot became head of the Institute and held this position until his own death on October 15, 1945, making sure that this center, so disliked by him at first, survived the difficult wartime and continued to work. The Institute's library, largely due to the richness of its collections to P. Pelliot, now part of the Collège de France library, is considered the best sinological library in France and one of the best Oriental book collections in the world.

The report by Monnet, curator of the Dunhuang Foundation of the Bibliothèque nationale de France-François Mitterrand, "Paul Pelliot and the National Library: the Circumstances of the arrival of Oriental collections" was devoted to the early period of the history of the Pelliot collection shortly after its delivery to the library. This period can be traced thanks to the library's collections, which carefully preserve a variety of documents and evidence of the era, sometimes quite curious. For example, the inclusion in the collection of a huge (not only in terms of scientific significance, but also in terms of quantity) collection brought from Central Asia by the Pellio expedition is marked in the library's acquisition register with only one entry indicating the number of boxes. Just as succinctly at first, new arrivals were reflected in the press. In the annual report, the library's management gave only four lines of notes to the Dunhuang collection. This situation can be explained by the fact that Pellio himself at that time was relatively little engaged in popularizing and systematizing his finds, and no one else knew exactly what he brought and how valuable it was. Much more surprisingly, immediately after the expedition returned to France, it (and especially Pelliot) was subjected to the most severe attacks of almost the entire French press, and the main subject of these attacks were the documents brought by the expedition. Several journalists claimed that the manuscripts brought in were fake, fabricated by an impostor on the site.-

page 147
The abbot of the monastery in Dunhuang, Wang Yuanlu. However, Pellio did not respond to the attacks of the newspaper, and his silence was interpreted as a kind of admission of guilt.

Zhang Guand's speech (Academia Sinica) "From Tonkin to the Collège de France" traced the brilliant beginning of Paul Pelliot's career in science, from his participation in the archaeological mission in Tonkin (Vietnam) in 1899, to the expedition in East Turkestan in 1906-1908, which brought such rich fruits, and to his work on the development of the University. appointment in 1911 to the post of professor at the College de France. At this time, he was only 33 years old. The speaker noted that it was P. Pellio who first drew attention to the prominent role of Central Iranian languages, especially Sughd, in the cultural and religious exchange in East Turkestan. The audience was introduced to the materials of linguistic research conducted by Pellio at the beginning of the Central Asian expedition among the Abdal - Heinu (Heinou) ethnic group, whose representatives spoke a Turkic language heavily saturated with Iranian loanwords, as well as to the high assessment of P. Pellio's scientific contribution given by the Chinese scientist Wang Gouwei in the afterword to the Chinese translation of the introductory article published by him. a lecture given by P. Pelliot at the Collège de France.

The report of Rong Xinjiang (Peking University) and Wang Nan "Paul Pelliot in China (1906-1909)" was devoted to the circumstances of P. Pelliot's stay in China during his expedition and immediately after it, his relations with Chinese scientists and representatives of the local administration. The research is based on recently published documents from the archives of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the diaries of Chinese scientists (such as Ye Changchi, Pei Jingfu, Miao Quanxun, and Yun Yuding), as well as letters from Pellio's Chinese colleagues stored in the Guimae Museum. In preparing the expedition, Pelliot enlisted the help of Li Shendo, one of the high - ranking Qing officials sent to Europe to study the political structure of Western countries, as well as Liu Shixun, the Chinese ambassador to France, who, to facilitate the expedition's journey, sent two letters of recommendation-to the Foreign Minister of the Chinese Empire and Lianku, the governor of Xinjiang. Thanks to this support, as well as Pellio's personal charm and good Chinese, the expedition received equipment and escorts in China and almost did not meet any administrative obstacles on its way. Local government officials and scholars provided Pellio with essential information, rare books, and maps from their personal collections. Scientists Pei Jingfu and Sun Bolu showed him their unpublished books and allowed him to copy the passages that interested him. Local officials informed Pellio about the manuscripts found in Dunhuang, and it was in Urumqi that he first got a chance to see one of them (the document was given to him by Zailang, a member of the imperial house who lived in exile in Urumqi).

It was then that Pellio decided to change the expedition route and visit Dunhuang. At the end of 1908, when Pelliot left China, he met in Nanjing with the administrator of the Jiangnan Library, Miao Quanxun, his deputy Chen Qingnian, and several other scholars, showed them a number of manuscripts found in Dunhuang, and discussed their dating. In late 1909, Pelliot arrived in Beijing, bringing several dozen Dunhuang manuscripts, mostly lists of Chinese classical texts, books on history and geography, and several sutras. Chinese scientists Dong Kang, Luo Zhenyu, Wang Renjun, Jiang Fu and Cao Yuanzhong were impressed by the value of the find. They handed him the money they had collected to make photocopies of Dunhuang documents to send to China. Over the next few years, Pelliot regularly sent copies of the manuscripts to China. It was on these copies that Luo Zhenyu's first publications on Dunhuang finds were based. Many of the photocopies were sent to Japan, where they attracted the interest of Neito Torajiro and Kano Naoki of Kyoto University, who began studying the Dunhuang manuscripts. Pelliot's respect for Chinese science, close working and personal contacts with leading Chinese scientists had a decisive impact on the development of Dunhuang studies in China and Japan, and had important consequences for the development of world Oriental studies.

Takata Tokyo (Kyoto University) 'Paul Pelliot's contribution to Sinology from the point of view of Japanese scholars' drew the audience's attention to P. Pelliot's achievements in studying the historical phonology of the ancient Chinese language. Despite the fact that this problem was still completely unexplored at that time, Pellio (as can be seen from his first works) On an almost organic level, I felt the rules of Chinese phonetics. This allowed him to interpret with incredible accuracy the foreign place names that were found in the Chinese is studied by him.-

page 148
tochniki. Before leaving for the Central Asian expedition, Pellio began to write a large work on ancient Chinese phonetics, which, unfortunately, remained unfinished and unpublished (the manuscript is kept in the Gimet Museum). This aspect of Pellio's scientific work, according to Takata Tokio, is especially highly appreciated in Japan, and in matters of ancient Chinese phonology, Pellio's authority among Japanese scientists is unquestionable.

I. F. Popova's report (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences) "Paul Pelliot and Russian Orientalists" was devoted primarily to his relations with Russian colleagues. Pelliot, along with E. Chavannes (1865-1918), had a great influence on the formation of modern Chinese studies, and this influence was not ignored in Russia, which was facilitated by regular contacts between Pelliot and Russian colleagues, which began during the preparation of his Central Asian expedition and continued until the mid-30s. to a number of Russian Orientalists (first of all to S. F. Oldenburg, 1906-1932 and V. M. Alekseev, 1905-1937), which are now kept in the archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Pelliot first visited Russia in late 1905, spent several months in St. Petersburg, quickly mastered the Russian language and met leading Russian scientists. In December 1922, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences on the recommendation of S. F. Oldenburg, I. Y. Krachkovsky and F. I. Uspensky. In 1925, as a representative of the Institute of France, he attended the jubilee celebrations on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The last time Pellio visited Leningrad was in 1932. During the 1920s and early 30s, he often met with Russian colleagues who came to the West, and he developed a particularly friendly relationship with V. M. Alekseev. He also corresponded with B. Y. Vladimirtsov, F. I. Shcherbatsky and F. I. Rosenberg, and was the first foreigner to work with the manuscripts brought from Khara-Khoto by P. K. Kozlov's Mongolian-Sichuan expedition.

Pelliot put a lot of effort into following what is happening in the world of Oriental studies, a huge part of his scientific heritage consists of book reviews that were sent from all over the world to him personally or to the editorial board of the T'oung Pao magazine, which he directs. Often, Western experts learned about what was happening in Russian science precisely from Pellio's reviews. Therefore, most of his letters to Russian scientists consist of requests to send him a particular article or book that has recently been published in Russia. For his part, Pellio actively exchanged duplicate books with the Asian Museum. Unfortunately, after 1937, Russian Oriental studies fell on extremely difficult times and almost all contacts with foreign science were interrupted.

Zh.-Zh. ' s message. Pinault (EPHE)" Paul Pelliot and the Languages of Central Asia", which concluded the first day of the symposium, focused on Pelliot's contribution to the study of Central Asian languages, many of which were discovered through his findings in Dunhuang. Paul Pelliot did not leave a single generalizing work devoted to any language. However, this statement is also true for any other question - Pelliot's scientific legacy consists of many articles, reviews, and notes, but the only work that can be considered a "book" is his notes to the book of Marco Polo [Pelliot, 1959-1973], which were published after his death. The variety of questions that interested Pelliot is very large [Paul Pelliot..., 2001]. In the field of studying the languages of Central Asia, there are several main groups of problems raised in his research.

First of all, throughout his academic career, Pellio was interested in the contacts of the Chinese language with other languages, studied the history of mutual borrowing and adaptation of foreign words (including toponyms) in the Chinese language. Many works are devoted to the study of Altaic languages (Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic), and these languages interested him not only from the point of view of interaction with Chinese. It was Pelliot who was one of the first scientists to notice the similarity of these languages. Thanks to the success of his Central Asian expedition, it became known about the existence of many languages that had previously been completely forgotten. After returning to France, Pelliot joined a group of scientists created on the initiative of S. Levy and A. Meyer (1866-1936), which was engaged in the publication and translation of documents in these "new" languages and participated in the publication of several texts that could be translated or restored thanks to parallel Chinese versions. The report also notes P. Pellio's contribution to the solution of the so-called Tocharian problem.

K. Scherrer-Schaub (EPHE) 'Still undiscovered places and texts: Tibet in the Pelliot era' focused on the situation in Tibetology at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, Ti-

page 149
Beth remained largely closed to researchers, not least because the region was the subject of a protracted conflict between England and Russia. Tibetology, although it had a long history in France (already in 1738 the Royal Printing House received a Tibetan font from Rome, and in 1842 the teaching of the Tibetan language began), was in a somewhat stagnant state. P. Pelliot was quite far from Tibetology, like all his colleagues who led expeditions in East Turkestan, although during the time of the First World War, Tibetology was During his trips to Beijing in the early twentieth century, he also had to purchase Tibetan books for the EFEO library. Nevertheless, the manuscripts selected by Pellio in Dunhuang included a significant number of Tibetan texts.

With his discoveries and research, Pellio greatly influenced the creation of modern Oriental studies, showing the way to young scientists. Thus, Jacques Bako (1877-1965) may be said to have done for Tibetology what Pelliot did for Oriental studies in general. His fate is very similar to that of Pellio, with whom he was very familiar. He was one of the first Europeans to study Tibet on the spot: he traveled with pilgrims and learned the Tibetan language. After returning to France, he was invited by S. Levy to teach the Tibetan language, later became a professor at the Department of Tibetan Philology created specifically for him at EPHE, and was the first specialist who began cataloging the Tibetan part of the Dunhuang collections. P. Pelliot also had to deal with issues related to Tibet after the expedition. In 1920, he prepared for his course at the Collège de France a translation of chapters on the history of Tibet from both dynastic histories of the Tang Dynasty, accompanied by a translation of an interesting document from Dunhuang, a kind of Tibetan-Chinese dictionary containing mainly toponyms, calendar terms, and animal names. As always in Pellio's translations, the text is provided with more than detailed comments, which show how much attention Pellio paid to this problem, seemingly far from his main scientific interests, and how extensive his knowledge was. This work was published only after Pelliot's death, in 1961 [Pelliot, 1961].

Report by F. Wang-Toutain (CNRS) "Paul Pelliot and Buddhology" focused on Pelliot's research related to the study of Buddhism and, in general, his contributions to modern Buddhology. Many of the works of the scientist to one degree or another touch on issues related to the history of Buddhism. At the same time, he had no interest not only in this topic, but also in the doctrinal side of Buddhism. He was much more interested in the history of the spread and role of this teaching in cross-cultural contacts in the vast expanses of Asia. In an era when there were no modern technical capabilities, Pellio, thanks to his incredible memory, was able to use in his research a huge number of Buddhist texts of various genres (sutras and commentaries on them, stories about pilgrim journeys, catalogues) and widely used the information contained in them in his works. Comparing data from Buddhist texts with information from Chinese historical chronicles to clarify toponymy, details of an event, or details of the biography of a particular historical character was one of Pellio's important methodological innovations and his contribution to the scientific apparatus of Oriental studies. This method, which has become somewhat less complex due to the digitization of a huge mass of texts, is still widely used today.
Pelliot's works on the history of Buddhism are mainly devoted to four groups of questions: 1) the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia, China and Southeast Asia, its routes; preachers and translators of sacred texts; 2) the interaction and mutual influence of Buddhism and other religious movements, especially Taoism and Manichaeism, and Pellio was much more interested in the history of these contacts and philological borrowings; 3) Buddhist iconography as illustrations of the history of Buddhism and its contacts with other religions; 4) study of Chinese Buddhist texts and schools, and also primarily from the point of view of history and philology, rather than philosophy.

Finally, we should not forget about another contribution of Pellio to the study of Buddhism, namely, his Dunhuang findings. The texts and images brought by him greatly enriched the source base of Buddhology. Thus, he not only managed to significantly expand the range of sources of this science and enrich its methodological arsenal, but also left behind a significant number of studies that became important milestones in the study of the history of Buddhism.

Communication by P. Zime (Berlin-Brandenbergische Akademie des Wissenschaften (BBAW)) "Paul Pelliot and Turkology" was mainly devoted to

page 150
a number of new finds in the caves of Dunhuang, more precisely in the grotto N 181 (according to the numbering of the Dunhuang Institute-N 464). This cave belongs to the group of late structures of the complex and was painted during the reign of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). The walls of the grotto are covered with a painting that is a kind of imitation of a book: it is a Uyghur text made in yellow on a dark blue background, provided with"illustrations". At one time, Pellio took several photos of the murals, mistaking the language in which the text is written for Mongolian. A number of other photographs were taken in the cave by the expedition of S. F. Oldenburg. Several years ago, the cave paintings were published by Chinese scientists. The illustrations show that the murals are heavily damaged by late graffiti, but the text is still mostly readable. Unfortunately, there are no images large enough to work with text in the publication. Despite this, P. Tsime managed to read some fragments of the text after computer processing of photographs taken by the Pelliot and Oldenburg expeditions and determined that it was a Uyghur translation of a rather rare text - the Suvarnaprabhasasutra. It is hoped that this monument will soon arouse the interest of Chinese scientists and the preserved text will be published.

In the presentation of C. Atwood (Indiana University) "Paul Pelliot and Mongolistics", it was noted that Pelliot's interest in Mongolistics was primarily determined by the directions of his sinological research, in which Mongolistics played a supporting role. Most of Pelliot's works related to Mongolian history and the Mongolian language also touch on the problems of Chinese studies, historical phonology of the Chinese language, and historical toponymy. Pelliot also made a significant contribution to science in the study of the so-called Altai question, where he was one of the first to prove the existence of a number of common features between the Mongolian and Turkic languages, many of which can be explained not by a common origin, but by the interaction of these languages over the centuries. Pelliot also denied the Altaic etymology of the known words of the Xiongnu language and proved that the word tängri (usually considered to indicate that the Xiongnu language belonged to the Altaic group) cannot be considered Altaic in origin from a phonological point of view.

Pelliot suggested that the Khitan spoke one of the languages of the Mongol (and not Tungusic or Turkic, as his opponents claimed) branch. Subsequently, this conjecture was confirmed and developed by Gyorgy Kara, a student of Ligeti (1902 - 1987), who proved that Khitan belongs to the extinct branch of the Mongolian branch of languages. When choosing the Mongolian texts he studied, Pelliot preferred, whenever possible, those with Chinese versions (this applies, for example, to Pelliot's major work on Mongolian linguistics, his study of the "Hidden Legend" (Pelliot, 1949)). In contrast to sinology (which he considered only his domain), Pelliot created a kind of school in mongolistics that had a strong influence on the development of this science: his students Louis Ligeti, Francis Cleaves (1911-1995) and Denis Sinor (b. 1916) became the founders of the departments of Mongolistics at the universities of Budapest, Harvard and Indiana, respectively (Louis Ambice (1904-1978), professor at the Collège de France, was for many years a major figure in French Mongolian studies.

A. Thote's report (EPHE) "Paul Pelliot and the history of Art: a polymath's view" was devoted to such a little-known aspect of Pelliot's scientific activity as art criticism. He had no special education in this field, but even in his youth, his view of art objects was distinguished by a rare insight. After the suppression of the Yihetuan rebellion, Pelliot, appreciating all the benefits of the moment (the markets of Beijing were overflowing with ancient books and paintings stolen from the imperial treasury and libraries, many of which were burned down during the uprising), purchased a significant number of paintings and books for the French School of the Far East. Many of the things he bought turned out to be fakes of the highest level (especially for paintings dated to the Sung period), which are also not without interest for the researcher. The series of 30 paintings he purchased was made for the Taoist temple. Temple paintings were of absolutely no interest to Chinese antiquaries and collectors, and hence to forgery makers. Therefore, Pellio got an extremely interesting series of one and a half dozen paintings from an artistic and iconographic point of view, dating back to the middle of the XV century. and it is now one of the most valuable exhibits of the Guimet Museum. Subsequently, Pellio wrote a lot about ancient Chinese bronze, ceramics, Buddhist sculpture, European art in China, and the technical aspects of production.

page 151
When studying the object, he was more interested in the context, parallels with information from written sources, inscriptions and graffiti, rather than a purely artistic analysis of the artifact, which often allowed him to come to very important conclusions. Paul Pelliot understood before many of his colleagues what role the excavations at Anyang, which began in the 1920s, could play in the study of ancient Chinese art.He was not a collector-almost everything he acquired was intended for French libraries and museums (and with their money).

F. Menard (University of Paris IV-Sorbonne) in his report noted that many of Pellio's works are somehow devoted to Marco Polo and the information contained in his book. From 1928 to 1930 and from 1936 to 1939, Pelliot taught a special course at the Collège de France dedicated to the commentary of this text. The text itself, which was published by the well-known sinologist and missionary A. Mole and P. Pellio, was published in 1938 (Marco Polo, 1938). Apparently, Pellio had little to do with the two volumes. In the preface, it was stated that P. Pellio would prepare a third volume, notes on proper names and words of Oriental origin, with a volume of 400-500 pages. In fact, these notes occupied three volumes (about 900 pages of text and 300 pages of indexes), the last of which was published only in 1973. This huge work uses Latin, Greek, Chinese, Persian, Arabic, Armenian, Indian, Uyghur and Mongolian sources.

Pellio's comments, and in general this edition of Marco Polo's book, are still among the most frequently cited. Many articles of Pellio's comments give the impression of being incomplete, a number of statements seem to be completely insufficiently reasoned, often there are clearly not enough links to sources and literature, and links to various lists are not quite well designed. But at the same time, it should be remembered that the commentaries were published two or three decades after the death of their author and are largely his sketches and drafts, notes addressed primarily to himself, and not to the reader. However, even in this unfinished form, based on poorly and incorrectly prepared text, Paul Pelliot's comments are striking in the breadth of topics covered and the depth of research that makes them an important tool when working with Marco Polo's book.

The evening session of the second day of the symposium began with a sad message, read out by the permanent secretary of the Academy, J. P. Blavatsky. Leklanom, notifying of the death of a foreign member of the Academy, acad. RAS G. M. Bongard-Levin.

Speech by the President of the Academy Zh. Jarrige "Pelliot and the Guimet Museum" was dedicated to the contribution of P. Pelliot to the enrichment of the museum's collections and the formation of its unique image. Initially, the statues and murals brought by Pelliot from the expedition were placed in storage in the Louvre, and the manuscripts - in the National Library. However, soon the founder of the Museum, E. Guimet (1836-1918), paying more and more attention to the results of French expeditions, seeks to hold an exhibition of selected masterpieces brought by the expedition. In 1945, the museum transferred its Egyptian collections to the Louvre, in return receiving the collection of the Department of Asian Art, including the collections brought by Pelliot. The expedition's documents and most of his personal archive were also transferred to the museum's library. The Pellio Foundation has been the subject of intense scrutiny.

From 1961 to 1976, 16 volumes of documents from the Pelliot expedition were published. In 1982-1986, preparations began for the publication of art objects brought by Pellio and stored in the museum's storerooms. The result of this work was prepared by the curator of the museum Zh. Gie generalizing two-volume edition " Art of Central Asia: the collection of Paul Pelliot in the National Museum of Asian Art - Guime "[Acts..., 1995-1996], in 1994. published in Japanese by Kodansha International, and 1995-1996-in French by the Union of National Museums. In parallel with the work on the book Zh. Giet, with the assistance of Laure Fejer, worked on a new classification of exhibits and storage units related to the Pelliot expedition, and many of them were first removed from the boxes in which they were brought from the Louvre in 1945. At the same time, it was possible to find a number of valuable items that were considered lost. At the same time, large-scale restoration of the collection was carried out. In October 1995, a large exhibition "Serindia, Buddha's Land. Ten Centuries of Art on the Silk Road", prepared by the Guimet Museum and the National Library. For the first time, the treasures brought by Pellio were presented to the public in such numbers. After extensive renovation of the museum in 1996-2002, the Central Asian exposition was restored.-

page 152
la has been significantly expanded, and masterpieces from the Pellio collection have taken their rightful place in it. During the same period, all storage units included in the Pellio Fund were digitized.

Zh. Report Gernet (AIBL) "Paul Pelliot, Sinologist and bibliographer" drew attention to such an important part of Pelliot's legacy as bibliographies and bibliographic references. As an example, the speaker chose his book "The Beginning of Printing in China" (Pelliot, 1953). "This work, which has become an important milestone in the study of the old Chinese book, is a set of notes, corrections and additions made by Pellio to the book of the American sinologist Thomas Francis Carter (1882-1925) "The Invention of printing in China and its spread to the West" [Carter, 1925]. These notes, which were collected and published by Robert de Roth (1891-1980) and Paul Demieville (1895 - 1979), show all the qualities inherent in Pelliot as a scientist - scrupulousness, conscientiousness, critical approach and, most importantly, an amazing memory that allowed him to navigate freely in an incredible variety of texts. In terms of the number of Chinese books that he kept in his memory, Pellio could undoubtedly compete with the best of the Chinese scholars of the XVIII-XIX centuries.

J.-P. Drege's report "Paul Pelliot, Reviewer and polemicist" was devoted to the most significant part of Pelliot's scientific heritage - reviews, annotations and polemical articles. Pelliot published his first reviews as early as 1901 in the Bulletin of the French School of the Far East and remained faithful to this genre all his life. From his pen came out about 600 reviews and annotations (in total, in the consolidated bibliography of Pellio, compiled by X. Volravens, listed 866 works of the scientist). These are very different works, a significant part of them is just a short retelling of the contents of a book or article sent to T'oung Pao, many of which are not even signed, but often these reviews became independent, deeply thought-out works, almost more valuable for science than the original. Pellio was always keen to keep abreast of what was happening in the scientific world, and therefore often engaged in polemics with his colleagues. Tolerance for an opponent whose statements he considered erroneous was not inherent in Pellio's character, so his criticisms usually had a rather sharp character.

The report of V. Sundermann (BBAW)" Paul Pelliot and Iranian studies " was read out by J.-P. Drej due to the speaker's illness. Although Pellio was not an Iranian by training, a number of his works made a huge contribution to this science. First of all, it is necessary to mention research on the study of Middle Iranian languages, many of which became known to science thanks to the finds of Pellio in Dunhuang. In the field of historical research, the speaker noted Pellio's works on the history of the Ilkhanov state and the eastern branches of Christianity and Manichaeism. Among the documents found by P. Pellio in cave No. 17 of Dunhuang, a significant number are texts in Iranian languages, especially in Sughd. The most important of these is the text of the Buddhist legend "Vessantara Jâtaka", most of which is now in the French National Library. This is the longest known text in the Sogdian language, and in 1912 it was read, transcribed, and translated by R. Gotio (1876-1916), after which it became a kind of key to reading other Sogdian texts.

Among the Iranian documents, the greatest difficulty for the researcher is represented by Manichaean manuscripts, since most often they are presented in the form of fragments of texts, parallel versions of which often do not exist in other languages. However, even for this type of Middle Iranian text, P. Pelliot and E. Chavannes were able to provide an extremely important clue by publishing and commenting in detail on the longest Manichaean text in Chinese - the Manichaean Treatise, better known as the Chavannes - Pelliot Treatise [Un traité..., 1911-1913]. Pelliot and Chavannes were not the discoverers of this text, but they were the first to prove its Manichaean origin. Very soon it became clear that the text has parallels with the preserved Manichaean fragments in other languages. E. Waldschmidt (1897-1985) and V. Lentz (1900 - 1986) found fragments in Parthian that coincide with this text. In 1992, a book by V. Sundermann [Sundermann, 1992] was published, in which he collected all the known Parthian and Sogdian fragments related to this monument, suggesting that they be called "A Sermon on We are Light".

A consolidated edition of all versions of the text, including the Chinese version, is being prepared by S. Lie. A Chinese text translated in 1987 into German by X. Schmidt - Glintzer (1987) confirmed that the translation of Chavannes and Pelliot is almost one hundred percent accurate. "Sermon" is rich linguistically, replete with ethical and psychological terms, the understanding of which was difficult.

page 153
It would not be possible if the Chinese version translated by Shawann and Pelliot did not exist. Pelliot's second major contribution to the study of Middle Iranian languages is his participation in the publication of the Buddhist Sogdian text "Sutras on Causes and Effects" [Le sutra..., 1920-1926]. Pellio managed to find the name of this sutra in one of the Chinese commentaries, which allowed him to find the Chinese text, which turned out to be the original, from which the literal Sogdian translation was made.

The symposium concluded with a speech by M. Tardieu (Collège de France) entitled "Christians of the East in the legacy of Paul Pelliot". On the eve of the First World War, Pellio planned to prepare a collective work on the spread of the Nestorian Church in Central Asia and China. Unfortunately, this plan was not fulfilled. It is symptomatic, however, that P. Pelliot devoted his last course of lectures at the College de France (December 1943 - March 1944) to the problem of Prester John, that mysterious and changeable figure born during the Second Crusade out of vague legends about Eastern Christians. It is possible that Pellio's interest in Nestorian missionaries was due to the fact that he somehow felt like their heir: for Pellio, the modern era in contacts between Europe, China and Central Asia began in the Middle Ages, in the era of the Crusades and the Mongol Empire. In his works, he repeatedly returns to these questions.

In 1922, after the discovery of Mongolian diplomatic documents in the Vatican Library, he wrote a Medievalist study, " The Mongols and the Papacy "[Pelliot, 1922-1932], where, in particular, he returned to the problem of Prester John, discussing Bar-Ebreus ' information about the Christianization of the Kereites. After the publication in 1929. Anastasius van den Wingaert's first volume of the Sinica Franciscana (Wyngaert, 1929), which contains stories about the travels of Franciscan missionaries to the great Khans; he makes a commentary on the books of John Plano Carpini and Guillaume Roubruk (Pelliot, 1973); and spends many years commenting on the books of Marco Polo at his seminars at the Collège de France. In his final year of lectures on Prester John, he critically analyzed " The Prophecy of Hannan the Son of Isaac." This prophecy, as well as the related text of the Revelation of Peter, are apocryphal texts of apocalyptic content, popular in Syria and during the siege of Damietta in 1220-1222. Pelliot proved their origin from the Arabic Nestorian version of the so-called Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius. This text was, according to Pellio, the reason for the appearance in the West of the legend of Prester John, which was later so popular in the West, whose kingdom then, thanks to information about Christianity among the Mongols, began to be localized not in Africa, but in Asia. Questions related to the mysterious and somewhat chimerical Churches of Eastern Christians have always interested Pellio from the point of view of restoring the sequence of events, traditions, management systems and contacts. For him, it was not the theological subtleties that mattered, but the fate of intrepid travelers and explorers. People like him.

The symposium dedicated to the anniversary of Paul Pelliot turned out to be an extremely interesting and fruitful scientific event. Even recognized experts of Pellio's work who participated in the preparation of the conference told me that they did not expect such good luck and heard a lot of new things. The exchange of opinions between leading specialists in various fields of Oriental studies made it possible to better understand the scope and scale of the genius of P. Pellio, who without apparent effort managed to make a significant contribution to almost all branches of Oriental science, which is especially surprising in our highly specialized time. It is hoped that such a joint study of his scientific heritage will not be interrupted, since it is quite obvious that, like the Dunhuang manuscripts, Pellio's works in all their diversity require international cooperation of the best specialists, without which it is impossible to cover their entire volume.

list of literature

Arts de l'Asie centrale: la collection Paul Pelliot du musée national des arts asiatiques - Guimet I Sous la direction de Jacques Gies. T. I - II. P., 1995 - 1996.

Carter T. F. The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward. N. Y., 1925.

Marco Polo. The Description of the World / Ed. by A. C. Moule & Paul Pelliot. Vol. I - II. L., 1938.

Paul Pelliot (1878 - 1945). His Life and Works - a Bibliography / Comp. by Hartmut Walravens. Bloomington, Indiana, 2001.

page 154
Pelliot P. Les Mongols et la Papaute // Revue de l'Orient chrétien, (3-е série): 3 (23), 1922 - 1923, p. 3 - 30; 4 (24), 1924, p. 225 - 335; 8 (28), 1931 - 1932.

Pelliot P. Carnets de route 1906 - 1908. I. Textes. P., 2008.

Pelliot P. Histoire ancienne du Tibet. P., 1961.

Pelliot P. Histoire secréte des Mongols. Restitution du texte mongol et traduction française des chapitres I à VI. P., 1949.

Pelliot P. Les débuts de l'imprimerie en Chine. P., 1953.

Pelliot P. Notes on Marco Polo. Vol. I. P., 1959 ; Vol. II. P., 1963; Vol. III: Index. P., 1973.

Pelliot P. Recherches sur les chrétiens d'Asie Centrale et d'Extreme-Orient. P., 1973.

Schmidt-Glintzer H. Chinesische Manichaica. Mit textkritischen Anmerkungen und einem Glossar. Wiesbaden, 1987.

Sundermann W. Der Sermon vom Licht-Nous: Eine Lehrschrift des östlichen Manichäismus. B., 1992.

Le sûtra des causes et des effets du bien et du mal. Edité et traduit d'après les textes sogdien, chinois et tibétain par Robert Gauthiol et Paul Pelliot. T. I. Fac-similé des textes sogdien et chinois. P., 1920; T. II. Transcription, traduction, commentaire et index. Avec la collaboration d'Emile Benveniste. P., 1926.

Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine, traduit et annoté par MM. Ed. Chavannes et P. Pelliot // Journal Asiatiques, 1911, 11; 1913, 1.

Wyngaert A. van den. Sinica Fransiscana. Vol. I: Itinera et Relationes Fratrum Minorum Saeculi XIII et XIV. Firenze-Quaracchi, 1929.

Permanent link to this publication: