Transformation of the Byzantine mindset: from the ancient cosmopolis to the Christian empire Introduction: Byzantine mindset as a dynamic synthesis The mindset of the Byzantines was not static; it underwent a profound transformation throughout more than a thousand years of history (IV–XV centuries). This was a complex process of transition from the late antique mentality, based on Hellenistic philosophy, Roman law, and the civic ideal, to a highly sacralized Christian view of the world, where God, the emperor, and the salvation of the soul became central categories. This transformation was not linear and complete; it occurred through constant tension and synthesis of contradictory elements, creating a unique Byzantine phenomenon. 1. From the "polytheistic cosmos" to the "Christian oikoumene": religious revolution of the 4th–6th centuriesThe key turning point is connected with the adoption of Christianity under Constantine the Great (313 AD) and its establishment as the state religion under Theodosius I (380 AD). Rethinking space and time: The ancient world was perceived as an eternal cosmos, governed by impersonal fate (mouros) or the will of many gods. Christianity brought a linear history with a beginning (Creation) and an end (Second Coming), with the Incarnation of God as the center. Space ceased to be neutral: it was divided into sacred (temple, monastery) and profane, and Jerusalem became the center of the world. New anthropology: The ancient ideal of the citizen-hero, perfecting himself through reason and virtue (kalokagatia), was supplemented and then replaced by the ideal of the Christian ascetic, struggling with passions for the sake of deification (theosis). The soul became more important than the body, salvation more important than earthly glory. However, Neoplatonic philosophy (Proclus, later Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite) became an intellectual bridge, allowing the translation of Christian dogmas into the language of Hellenic metaphysics. The emperor ... Read more